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Mr. Irving K. Baxter, of Utica, N. Y., for petitioners. [275 U.S. 310, 311] The Attorney General and Mrs. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the United States.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.
On August 1, 1924, Gambino and Lima were arrested by two New York state troopers, near the Canadian border; their automobile within the protection accorded to his person) within the protestion accorded to his person) was searched without a warrant, and intoxicating liquor found therein was seized. They, the liquor and other [275 U.S. 310, 313] property taken, were immediately turned over to a federal deputy collector of customs for prosecution in the federal court for northern New York. There the defendants were promptly indicted for conspiracy to import and transport liquor in violation of the National Prohibition Act (27 USCA). They moved seasonably, in advance of the trial and again later, for the suppression of the liquor as evidence and for its return, on the ground that the arrest, the search, and the seizure were without a warrant and without probable cause, in violation of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments of the federal Constitution. The motion was denied; the evidence was introduced at the trial; the defendants were found guilty; and they were sentenced to fine and imprisonment. the Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment. Neither court delivered an opinion. This court granted a writ of certiorari. 274 U. 733, 47 S. Ct. 766
The government contends that the evidence was admissible, because there was probable cause (Carroll v. United States,
The Mullan-Gage Law-the state prohibition act-had been repealed in 1923. Act June 1, 1923, c. 871; Laws N. Y. 1923, p. 1690. There is no suggestion that the defendants were committing, at the time of the arrest, search, and seizure, any state offense, or that they had done so in the past, or that the troopers believed that they had. Unless the troopers were authorized to make the arrest, search, and seizure, because they were aiding in the enforcement of a law of the United States, their action
[275 U.S. 310, 315]
would clearly have been wrongful, even if they had had positive knowledge that the defendants were violating the federal law. No federal official was present at the search and seizure, and the defendants made no attempt to establish that the particular search and seizure was made in co- operation with federal officials. But facts of which we take judicial notice (compare Tempel v. United States,
In the memorandum filed by the Governor approving the act which repealed the Mullan-Gage Law, he declared that all peace officers, thus including state troopers, are officers, to aid in the enforcement of the federal law 'with as much force and as much vigor as including state troopers, are required and that the repeal of the Mullan-Gage Law should make no difference in their action, except that thereafter the peace officers must take the offender to the federal court for prosecution. 1 Aid so given was accepted and acted on by the federal officials. 2 [275 U.S. 310, 316] It appears that one of the troopers who made the arrest and seizure here in question had been stationed at the Canadian border for 18 months prior thereto, the greater part of that period being after the repeal of the Mullan-Gage Law. It was also shown that, immediately after the arrest and seizure, the defendants, their car, and the liquor were, after they had been taken to the committing magistrate, turned over to the federal officers. In view of these facts, the statement, in the affidavit of one of the troopers, that at the time of the arrest and search 'there were no federal officers present, and that we were not working in conjunction with federal officers,' must be taken to mean merely that the specific arrest and search was not directly participated in by any federal officer.
We are of opinion that the admission in evidence of the liquor wrongfully seized violated rights of the defendants guaranteed by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. The wrongful arrest, search, and seizure were made solely on behalf of the United States. The evidence so secured was the foundation for the prosecution and supplied the only evidence of guilt. It is true that the troopers were not shown to have acted under the directions of the federal officials in making the arrest and seizure. But the rights guaranteed by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments may be invaded as effectively by such co-operation as by the state officers acting under direction of the federal officials. Compare Silverthorne v. United States,
The conclusion here reached is not in conflict with any of the earlier decisions of this court in which evidence wrongfully secured by persons other than federal officers has been held admissible in prosecutions for federal crimes. For in none of those cases did it appear that the search and seizure was made solely for the purpose of aiding the United States in the enforcement of its laws. In Weeks v. United States,
There have been many instances in which the lower federal courts have admitted evidence obtained by state officers through wrongful search and seizure, but only three reported cases have been found in which it could have been seriously contended, in view of the law of the state and the facts appearing in the opinion, that the search and seizure had been made solely for the purpose of aiding in the enforcement of the federal law. Schroeder v. United States (C. C. A.) 7 F.(2d) 60; Greenberg v. United States (C. C. A.) 7 F.(2d) 65; Katz v. United States (C. C. A.) 7 F.(2d) 67. These cases, like the present one, were decisions of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and involved searches and seizures made by officers of New York subsequent to the repeal of the Mullan-Gage Law. 4 An examination of the record in the Schroeder Case discloses that the sergeant of police who made the search and seizure was not acting solely to enforce the National Prohibition Act. He was a confidential investigator, charged with the task of detecting cor- [275 U.S. 310, 319] ruption and other derelictions of duty on the part of police officers; the defendant was likewise a police officer, and the sergeant, on making the search and seizure, informed the defendant that he was acting in pursuance of his regular duties. These facts were relied upon by the government in both the trial and the appellate court. In the Greenbery and Katz Cases the situation was wholly different. The Court of Appeals, failing to note the difference, treated its decision in the Schroeder Case as controlling, and did not give adequate consideration to the peculiar relation borne in New York, then as now, by state officers to federal prohibition enforcement, although the point was made by the defendant and a decision thereon was urgently sought by the United States attorney.
The record in the case at bar does not show that the relation between the state troopers and the federal agencies for prohibition enforcement was called by counsel to the attention of the court. But as the conviction of these defendants rests wholly upon evidence obtained by invasion of their constitutional rights, we are of opinion that the judgment should be reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings. Compare Wiborg v. United States,
Reversed.
[ Footnote 1 ] Memorandum filed with Assembly Bill, Introductory No. 1614, Printed No. 1817, p. 2. See, also, Messages of Jan. 2, 1924, N. Y. Leg. Doc. 147th Sess. 1924, No. 3, p. 40, and Jan. 7, 1925, N. Y. Leg. Doc. 148th Sess. 1925, No. 3, pp. 39, 40; Report of the Department of State Police for 1924, N. Y. Leg. Doc. 148th Sess. 1925, No. 50, p. 13.
[ Footnote 2 ] Immediately after the repeal of the Mullan-Gage Law the federal prohibition director in New York City announced that he would call upon the superintendent of state troopers, the sheriff of each county, and every chief of police to aid in arresting violators of the National Prohibition Act. In February, 1924, he attended a conference of state and federal enforcement agencies at Albany, where he reiterated the need for co-operation. That arrests for violation of the Volstead Act in northern New York were commonly made by state troopers, during 1924, see testimony of federal prohibition agents in Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 69th Cong. 2d Sess. on H. Res. 398 and H. Res. 415, pp. 37, 71, 79, 88, 100. For the part played by the New York City police in enforcement of the National Prohibition Act long after the repeal of the Mullan-Gage Law, see testimony of the United States attorney for the Southern district of New York, Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, U. S. Senate, 69th Cong. 1st Sess. on S. 33, S. 34, S. 591, S. 592, S. 3118, S. J. Res. 34, S. J. Res. 81, S. J. Res. 85, S. 3823, S. 3411, and S. 3891, pp. 96, 99, 103, 107.
[ Footnote 3 ] Revised Statutes Missouri 1909, 4770, 4771.
[ Footnote 4 ] Compare United States v. Bush, 269 F. 455, In re Schuetze, 299 F. 827, United States v. Dossi, 12 F.(2d) 956, and United States v. Costanzo, 13 F.(2d) 259-in all of which the District Court for Western New York refused to permit the use of evidence obtained by state officials, on a finding that they were acting in co-operation with the federal authorities.
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Citation: 275 U.S. 310
No. 226
Decided: December 12, 1927
Court: United States Supreme Court
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