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[253 U.S. 170, 171] Mr. Charles F. Consaul, of Washington, D. C., for petitioner.
Mr. James R. Caskie, of Lynchburg, for respondent.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.
The Omnibus Claims Act (Act March 4, 1915, c. 140, 38 Stat. 962), made appropriations for the payment of 1,115 claims arising out of the Civil War which had, from time to time during the preceding 28 years, been referred by resolution of the House or of the Senate to the Court of Claims for investigation, either under the Bowman Act (Act March 3, 1883, c. 116, 22 Stat. 485), or under the Tucker Act (Act March 3, 1887, c. 359, 24 Stat. [253 U.S. 170, 172] 505), or under section 151 of the Judicial Code (Comp. St. 1142). Among the claims which that court reported favorably was one of Bland Massie, which had been referred to, it by resolution of the House on February 3, 1911.1 By section 1 of the Omnibus Claims Act (page 989), the Secretary of the Treasury was directed to pay Massie $1,900. Section 4 of the act (page 996), provided as follows:
Massie had executed on April 18, 1911, an agreement as follows:
Calhoun prosecuted Massie's claim before the Court of Claims and secured the allowance of a motion to transmit its report to Congress,w hich thereafter made the appropriation above stated. On May 5, 1915, the government paid the $1,900 by means of two treasury warrants, one for $380 ( 20 per cent. thereof), made payable to Calhoun, the other for $1,520 (80 per cent. thereof), made payable to Massie. Calhoun demanded of Massie a further sum of $570, equal to 30 per cent. of the claim. Payment was refused; and he brought this suit in a state court of Virginia to recover the amount, claiming that the warrant for 20 per cent. had been accepted by him without waiving or releasing his right under the contract to the balance. A declaration setting forth in substance the above facts was demurred to on the ground that recovery was prohibited by section 4 of the act under which the appropriation was made. The demurrer was sustained and judgment entered thereon was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Appeals of the State of Virginia (123 Va. 673, 97 S. E. 576). The case comes here on writ of certiorari ( 249 U.S. 596 , 39 Sup. Ct. 289); Calhoun having contended in both lower courts, as here, that section 4 deprives him of liberty and property guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the federal Constitution, and hence is void.
For nearly three-quarters of a century Congress has undertaken to control in some measure the conditions under which claims against the government may be prosecuted. Its purpose has been in part to protect just claimants from extortion or improvident bargains and in part to protect the treasury from frauds and imposition. See United States v. Van Leuvan ( D. C.) 62 Fed. 52, 56. While recognizing the common need for the services of agents and attorneys in the presentation of such claims and that parties would often be denied the opportunity [253 U.S. 170, 174] of securing such services if contingent fees were prohibited (Taylor v. Bemiss, 110 U.S. 42, 45 , 3 S. Sup. Ct. 441) Congress has manifested its belief that the causes which gave rise to laws against champerty and maintenance are persistent. By the enactment from time to time of laws prohibiting the assignment of claims and placing limitations upon the fees properly chargeable for services2 Congress has sought both to prevent the stirring up of unjust claims against the government and to reduce the temptation to adopt improper methods of prosecution which contracts for large fees contingent upon success have sometimes been supposed to encourage. The constitutionality of such legislation, although resembling in its nature the exercise of the police power, has long been settled. Marshall v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co., 16 How. 314, 336; United [253 U.S. 170, 175] States v. Hall, 98 U.S. 343, 354 , 555 S.; Ball v. Halsell, 161 U.S. 72, 82 , 84 S., 16 Sup. Ct. 554.
The provision in the contract sued on purporting to give a lien upon any warrant issued was void under section 3477 of the Revised Statutes ( Comp. St. 6383). Nutt v. Knut, 200 U.S. 12, 20 , 26 S. Sup. Ct. 216. It is urged that the act here in question should be construed as limiting only the proportion of the specific funds received from the government which may be applied to payment of attorney's fees; but the second paragraph of the law leaves no room for construction. It provides that:
Calhoun contends, however, that if the act is construed as limiting the amount recoverable from a claimant upon his personal obligation, it is void as applied to contracts in existence at the time of its passage, at least where, as here, the services contemplated had then been substantially performed.
That an act limiting the compensation of attorneys in the prosecution of claims against the government is valid also as to contracts which had been entered into before its passage was expressly held in Ball v. Halsell, supra. The act there in question was passed 17 years after the date of the contract, and the attorney had performed important services before its enactment. Here, it is said, substantially all the services required of Calhoun had been performed when the act was passed. The difference in the percentage of services performed cannot here affect the legal result. An appropriate exercise by a state of its police power is consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment although it results in serious depreciation of property values; and the United States may, consistently with the Fifth Amendment, impose for a permitted purpose restrictions upon property which produce like results. Lottery Case, 188 U.S. 321, 357 , 23 S. Sup. Ct. 321; Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States, 220 U.S. 45, 58 , 31 S. Sup. Ct. 364; Hoke v. United [253 U.S. 170, 176] States, 227 U.S. 308, 323 , 33 S. Sup. Ct. 281, 43 L. R. A. (N. S.) 906, Ann. Cas. 1913E, 905; Hamilton v. Kentucky Distilleries & Warehouse Co., 251 U.S. 146 , 40 Sup. Ct. 106, 64 L. Ed. --. The sovereign right of the government is not less because the property affected happens to be a contract. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley, 219 U.S. 467, 484 , 31 S. Sup. Ct. 265, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 671; Union Dry Goods Co. v. Georgia Public Service Corporation, 248 U.S. 372 , 39 Sup. Ct. 117. Here, unlike New York Central v. Gray, 239 U.S. 583, 587 , 36 S. Sup. Ct. 176, a performance of a substitute for the obligation undertaken and later prohibited by the statute is impossible, because the act forbids the collection or receipt of any compensation in excess of 20 per cent.
In the case at bar there are special reasons why the contract cannot prevail over the statute enacted later. At the time when the contract was entered into there was no legislation, general or special, which conferred upon Massie any right of recovery even if he should establish to the satisfaction of Congress that his claim was equitable. A statute making an appropriation to pay the claim was thus a condition precedent to liability on the part of Massie to Calhoun; and the thing contracted for was Calhoun's aid in securing its enat ment. The aid was to be given by representing Massie before the Court of Claims. But both of the parties knew that, although Calhoun might have success before the Court of Claims, Congress would still be free to refuse both to recognize the claim as an equitable one and to make an appropriation for its payment. They also knew that, if it concluded to grant relief, Congress was free to do so upon such conditions as it deemed proper. Compare Ball v. Halsell, supra, 161 U.S. 82, 84 , 16 S. Sup. Ct. 554; Kendall v. United States, 7 Wall. 113, 117. In view of the past action of Congress limiting attorney's fees, referred to above, it was at least conceivable when the contract was made that Congress might, as it proved,3 be unwilling to enact any legislation without assuring itself that the benefits thereof would not inure [253 U.S. 170, 177] largely to others than those named in the act. Assent by Calhoun to the insertion in the act of a condition such as this, which he might reasonably have contemplated would be required to insure its passage, was therefore, implied in the contract to aid in securing the legislation. Compare The Kronprinzessin Cecilie, 244 U.S. 12, 22 , 23 S., 37 Sup. Ct. 490.
Furthermore, Calhoun accepted and received from the treasury a warrant for 20 per cent. of the sum appropriated. The money was paid and it was received under the act which provided that it was unlawful to collect any sum in excess of 20 per cent., 'any contract to the contrary notwithstanding.' Calhoun cannot take under the act and repudiate its provisions. Compare Shepard v. Barron, 194 U.S. 553, 567 , 24 S. Sup. Ct. 737; Grand Rapids & Indiana Ry. Co. v. Osborn, 193 U.S. 17, 29 , 24 S. Sup. Ct. 310; Interstate Railway Co. v. Massachusetts, 207 U.S. 79 , 28 Sup. Ct. 26, 12 Ann. Cas. 555. The allegation in the declaration that he accepted the 20 per cent. 'without waiving or releasing any of his rights under the aforesaid contract' was doubtless intended as a statement that the amount collected from the government was not accepted as a full settlement of his rights against the defendant under the contract. But it was a protestation totally at variance with his conduct. The payment to him by the treasury of the 20 per cent. could be made only under the act. It must be held to have been accepted according to the terms of the act. Any reservation which he may have made in words was futile. Capital Trust Co. v. Calhoun, 250 U.S. 208, 218 , 219 S., 39 Sup. Ct. 486.
AFFIRMED.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS, dissenting.
In 1911 Calhoun made a lawful agreement with Massie to prosecute the latter's claim against the United States [253 U.S. 170, 178] for property taken during the Civil War (Taylor v. Bemiss, 110 U.S. 42 , 3 Sup. Ct. 441); and Massie expressly bound himself to pay, as a fee for such services, 'a sum equal to 50 per cent. of the amount which may be collected, said fee to be a lien on any warrant,' etc.
Calhoun performed his full part in strict accordance with the contract. As a result of his proper efforts, Congress finally approved the claim and appropriated $1,900 to pay it. Act March 4, 1915, c. 140, 38 Stat. 962, 989.
But the same act (section 4, p. 996) provided that not more than 20 per cent. of the amount appropriated should be paid, or delivered to, or received by, any attorney for services, etc.; also:
Capital Trs t Co. v. Calhoun, 250 U.S. 208 , 39 Sup. Ct. 486, affirms the power of Congress to exempt the appropriated fund from any demand for counsel fees.
In that case Calhoun, relying upon a contract like the one presently before us, recovered a judgment in the state court for the difference between 20 per cent. received from the treasury and fifty per cent. of the appropriation. The matter came here, and we expressly declared ( 250 U.S. 216 , 39 Sup. Ct. 488):
In effect, the court now holds that statement was obviously erroneous, and that Calhoun would have committed a misdemeanor if he had accepted a fee exceeding the 20 per cent.
As to Certain 'Special Reasons Why the Contract Cannot Prevail Over the Statute Enacted Later.'
(1) It is said that, when he executed the contract of employment, Calhoun impliedly assented to the insertion in any future appropriation act of a condition like the one under consideration; therefore he cannot recover. This assumes: First, a construction of the act in direct conflict with the meaning heretofore attributed to it; and, second, that so construed it is within the power of Congress. If these two assumptions are correct, of course there is no right to recover. This special reason can only serve to mislead.
(2) It is further said that, as Calhoun received 20 per cent. of the amount appropriated by an act which declared unlawful the collection of anything more, he thereby in effect estopped himself from making a personal demand against his client. But this again assumes a construction of the act contrary to what we have declared, and further assumes that so construed it is valid. If these assumptions are correct, no further discussion is needed. This special reason lacks substance and can serve no good purpose.
The Meaning of Section 4.
Considering the definite statement concerning the true meaning of this section made 12 months ago in Capital Trust Co. v. Calhoun, 250 U.S. 208 , 39 Sup. Ct. 486, and quoted above, it would seem at least unusual now to announce a wholly different view accompanied by the mere assertion that there is 'no room for construction.' No mention [253 U.S. 170, 180] is made of what was then said in very plain terms. Of course this has been accepted as authoritative both by lawyers and courts. The result is necessarily injurious both to the court and the public.
In United States v. Delaware & Hudson Co., 213 U.S. 366, 408 , 29 S. Sup. Ct. 527, 536 (53 L. Ed. 836) this was said:
As that statement has been repeated several times, it would seem worthy of some consideration now.
I presume nobody doubts that Congress has power to prescribe reasonable rules concerning champerty, maintenance or kindred matters in United States courts, and to regulate assignments of claims against the government. But, under the adopted construction. section 4 (Act March 4, 1915) destroys an entirely lawful contract made long before its passage, deprives counsel of his right to enforce the personal liability of his client to pay for services already performed, and renders criminal the acceptance by him of more than an arbitrarily specified amount.
Marshall v. Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co., 16 How. 314, 316, United States v. Hall, 98 U.S. 343, 354 , 355 S., and Ball v. Halsell, 161 U. S.7 2, 84, 16 Sup. Ct. 554, are referred to as authority for such oppressive legislation. They give it no support.
Marshall v. Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co. was an attempt to collect compensation for lobbying; and the holding was that a contract is void, as against public policy, and can have no standing in court by which one party stipulates to employ a number of secret agents in order to obtain the passage of a particular law by the Legislature of a state, and the other party promises to pay a large sum of money in case the law should pass. The case appears unimportant in connection with this controversy.
In United States v. Hall the court ruled Congress has power to declare that embezzlement or fraudulent conversion [253 U.S. 170, 181] to his own use by a guardian of pension money received on behalf of his ward from the Government is an offense against the United States. This case might be relevant if Calhoun were seeking to reach the fund appropriated by Congress; but he is not.
In Ball v. Halsell, 161 U.S. 82 , 16 Sup. Ct. 556, an attorney sought to recover under a written agreement, concerning which this court said:
The case is wholly unlike the one now before us. Mr. Justice Gray took pains to explain the difference between it and Davis v. Commonwealth, 164 Mass. 241, 41 N. E. 292, 30 L. R. A. 743, where the Massachusetts court ruled that an agent of the state employed to prosecute a claim against the United States could recover compensation notwithstanding the act of Congress appropriating money to meet the claim provided that no part of such sum should be paid by the state to any attorney under previous contract.
Davis v. Commonwealth and the language by Mr. Justice Gray in Ball v. Halsell, wherein he pointed out the clear distinction between the two cases, ought not to be lightly disregarded.
It is certainly a very serious thing to decide that Congress, by its arbitrary fiat, may wholly deprive counsel of the right to enforce payment of compensation for long-continued efforts theretofore lawfully put forth, and prevent him, indeed, from accepting anything therefor. If a limit may be set at 20 per cent., any payment may [253 U.S. 170, 182] be proscribed. We should follow Capital Trust Co. v. Calhoun, and reverse the judgment below.
The Fifth Amendment was intended to protect the individual against arbitrary exercise of federal power. It declares no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law; and this inhibition protects every man in his right to engage in honest and useful work for compensation. Adair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161 , 28 Sup. Ct. 277, 13 Ann. Cas. 764; Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1 , 35 Sup. Ct. 240, L. R. A. 1915C, 960; Adams v. Tanner, 244 U.S. 590 , 37 Sup. Ct. 662, L. R. A. 1917F, 1163, Ann. Cas. 1917D, 973.
Mr. Justice McKENNA, Mr. Justice VAN DEVANTER, and Mr. Justice PITNEY concur in this dissent.
[ Footnote 1 ] 63d Congress, 2d Session, House Report No. 97; Senate Report No. 357; 63d Congress, 1st Session, House Doc. 64.
[ Footnote 2 ] Assignment of Claims against the United States: Act July 29, 1846, c. 66, 9 Stat. 41; Act Feb. 26, 1853, c. 81, 1, 10 Stat. 170; Rev. Stat. 3477 (Comp. St. 6383). Repayment of moneys collected by direct tax: Act March 2, 1891, c. 496, 3, 26 Stat. 822. Indian deredation claims: Act March 3, 1891, c. 538, 9, 26 Stat. 851, 854. Pensions: R. S. 4785 (Act July 8, 1870, c. 225, 7, 16 Stat. 193, 194 as amended by Act July 4, 1884, c. 181, 3, 23 Stat. 98, 99 [Comp. St. 9112, 9115]); R. S. 5485 (Act March 3, 1873, c. 234, 31, 32, 17 Stat. 566, 575 [Comp. St. 9114]); R. S. 4711 (Act March 3, 1873, c. 234, 17, 17 Stat. 566, 572 [ Comp. St. 8999]); Act Jan. 25, 1879, c. 23, 4, 20 Stat. 265 (Comp. St . 9113); Act June 27, 1890, c. 634, 4, 26 Stat. 182, 183 (Comp. St. 8938); Act March 3, 1891, c. 542, 26 Stat. 948, 979; Act March 3, 1891, c. 548, 26 Stat. 1081, 1082; Act Aug. 5, 1892, c. 379, 2, 27 Stat. 348, 349 ( Comp. St. 9071); Act Feb. 28, 1903, c. 858, 3, 32 Stat. 920, 921 (Comp. St. 8995); Act April 19, 1908, c. 147, 3, 35 Stat. 64 (Comp. St. 8985); Act May 28, 1908, c. 208, 35 Stat. 418, 419; Act Sept. 8, 1916, c. 470, 4, 39 Stat. 844, 845 (Comp. St. 8981d); Act July 16, 1918, c. 153 , , 40 Stat. 903, 904 (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, 8985b). Pay and bounty of colored soldiers: Act March 3, 1879, c. 182, 2, 20 Stat. 377, 402 (Comp. St. 3969). Arrears of pay or allowances in connection with services in the Civil War: Act Dec. 22, 1911, c. 6, 37 Stat. 47, 49 (Comp. St. 2204). Mississippi Choctaws: Act May 31, 1900, c. 598, 31 Stat. 221, 237. Services for Indians: Rev. Stat. 2104 (Comp. St. 4088); Act June 30, 1913, c. 4, 17, 38 Stat. 77, 95; Act Aug. 1, 1914, c. 222, 17, 38 Stat. 582, 599. Claims under War Risk Insurance Act: Act June 12, 1917, c. 26, 8, 40 Stat. 102, 104 (Comp. St. 1918, Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1918, 514ee).
[ Footnote 3 ] See 51 Cong. Rec. p. 324; 52 Cong. Rec. 5289, 5316.
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Citation: 253 U.S. 170
Docket No: No. 294
Argued: March 11, 1920
Decided: May 17, 1920
Court: United States Supreme Court
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