TINKER v. MIDLAND VALLEY MERCANTILE CO. 231 U.S. 681 (1914)

Mr. Charles H. Merillat for plaintiff in error

No appearance for defendant in error.

Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:

This is an action on a promissory note for $922.50, dated September 1, 1906, against an Osage Indian residing on [231 U.S. 681, 682]   the Osage Reservation. By the Indian appropriation act of June 21, 1906, chap. 3504, 34 Stat. at L. 325, 366, it was made 'unlawful hereafter for the traders upon the Osage Indian Reservation to give credit to any individual Indian, head of a family, to an amount greater than seventy- five per centum of the next quarterly annuity to which such Indian will be entitled.' This amended the previous act of March 3, 1901, chap. 832, 31 Stat. at L. 1058, 1065, by which the limit was 60 per centum. The defendant demurred, and the demurrer having been overruled, answered that the note was given for a debt in excess of 57 per cent of the next quarterly annuity due to him after the credit was extended, and that the note exceeded that amount. It appeared in evidence that the plaintiff, the defendant in error, was a licensed trader with the Indians, and the defendant testified that he received as his quarterly payment $46 for each of the seven members of his family, which would be $322,-in any event, much less than $922.50. It was not shown when the credits were given. The plaintiff demurred to the evidence, and the demurrer was sustained by both courts below. 25 Okla. 160, 105 Pac. 333.

The supreme court of the state put its decision on the burden of proof, following the analogy of illegal consideration. We hardly need consider whether proof that the note was so largely in excess of the percentage then allowable, especially when coupled with the improbability that the defendant ever had received in the past an annuity so much larger as to warrant such a credit, did not constitute at least a prima facie case. The court is of opinion that, in view of the policy of the statute, the relative position of the parties, and the protection necessarily extended to Indians, the burden was on the plaintiff not only to bring his claim within the permission of the statute in fact, as he was warned by its letter that he must, but also to prove that he had done so, in case of dispute. He occu- [231 U.S. 681, 683]   pied the position of advantage, and that, rather than formal logic, determines the burden of proof. It may be that it lay on the defendant to plead the defense. That is a question of convenience. Burnet v. Desmornes y Alvarez, 226 U.S. 145, 147 , 57 S. L. ed. 159, 160, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 63. But the order of pleading does not always determine the burden of proof. Generally it is not considered necessary for the payee of a promissory note to allege a consideration in declaring upon it, but if there is conflicting evidence, he has the burden of proof. Delano v. Bartlett, 6 Cush. 364; Burnham v. Allen, 1 Gray, 496.

Judgment reversed.