DELAWARE INDIANS v. CHEROKEE NATION(1904)
[193 U.S. 127, 128] Messrs. Walter S. Logan and Charles M. Demond for appellants.
Messrs. William T. Hutchings and John J. Hemphill for appellee.
Mr. Justice Day delivered the opinion of the court:
On June 28, 1898, the Congress of the United States passed an act entitled 'An Act for the Protection of the People of the Indian Territory and for Other Purposes.' 30 Stat. at L. 495, chap. 517. By the 25th section of the act it is provided:
Under this section the present suit was prosecuted in the court of claims by the Delaware Indians residing in the Cherokee Nation, as a tribe and individually, joined by certain others suing for the surviving registered Delawares, their children, descendants, and personal representatives, against the Cherokee Nation, for the purpose of determining the right of the Delaware Indians 'in and to the lands and funds of said nation' under the contract and agreement with the Cherokee Nation dated April 8, 1867. This contract sets forth:
The treaties which led up to this agreement are referred to in the contract and were ratified in 1866. The 15th article of the treaty of August 11, 1866, between the United States and the Cherokee Nation provided:
Article IV. of the Delaware treaty, referred to in the agreement of April 8, 1867, is in the following terms:
At the time of moving upon these lands there were 985 registered Delawares, of whom 212 survived at the beginning of this suit, together with children and descendants of those deceased.
The agreement of April 8, 1867, was before this court in the case of the Cherokee Nation v. Journeycake, 155 U.S. 196 , 39 L. ed. 120, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 55. While the precise questions involved in the present controversy were not then before the court, the rights adjudicated turned upon the construction of the agreement of April 8, 1867, and its nature and the history of the events which led up to its execution by the parties thereto were the subjects of consideration and determination by this court. In that case it was held that under the agreement the registered Delawares were incorporated into the Cherokee Nation, and as members and citizens thereof were entitled to participate in the proceeds of the sale of a portion of the Cherokee lands lupon equalterms with native Cherokee citizens. The claim is made that the contract of 1867 secured to the registered Delawares individually, or to the Delawares as a tribe, the 157, 000 acres of land which were to be set off to them east of the ninety- sixth meridian. This agreement was made and entered into in pursuance of the treaty stipulations hereinbefore referred to. And while it may be regarded as arising from these preliminary treaties with the United States, the care with which it was [193 U.S. 127, 135] made and the evident intention of the parties to deal at arm's length with full knowledge of their respective rights and aims, leaves little to be gained from these preliminary treaties as an aid to construction, except as a means of placing ourselves in the situation of the parties when the contract was signed and delivered. It is the claim in behalf of the Delawares that if not technically an estate in fee, one was conveyed permanent in its character and transmissible by descent to the children and kin of the registered Delawares, or at least it was a holding which should endure so long as the Delawares and their descendants continued to exist as a tribe.
It was held in the Journeycake Case, to be the purpose of this agreement to incorporate the registered Delawares into the Cherokee Nation, with full participation in the political and property rights of citizens of that nation. As a part of the general agreement, provision is made for rights in certain lands as a home for the Delawares who are to remove from their Kansas lands to the Indian territory. These lands are to pass to registered Delawares and they are to have the privilege of selecting them from unoccupied lands east of the line 96 degrees west longitude. This right is conferred not upon the Delaware Nation, but upon certain registered Delawares who are to be incorporated into the Cherokee Nation. To such is given a quantity of land equal in the aggregate to 160 acres for each registered Delaware, whose name is required to be entered upon a register to be filed in the Office of Indian Affairs, the lands thus conveyed being distinctly declared to be sold to the Delawares 'for their occupancy.' This limitation, in what may be characterized as the habendum clause of the conveyance, does not import a holding beyond the life of the first taker, and is entirely inconsistent with the idea of permanency of tenure in the estate conveyed unless there is something in the nature of Indian titles to lands or in the terms of the instrument which requires an enlargement of an estate for occupancy into one the equivalent of a fee. It is argued that an estate of occupancy is the ordinary estate of the Indian tribes and [193 U.S. 127, 136] embraces all the title held by them, the fee remaining in the United States. There in nothing to prevent the United States, if it chooses to convey a fee to the Indian tribes, from so doing.
Indeed, in the 16th clause of the treaty with the Cherokee Nation of Auguest, 1866, it is provided that a fee may be conveyed to friendly Indians settled west of the ninety-sixth meridian. But for the present purpose, it is unnecessary to speculate as to the nature of the Indian title derived from the United States by treaty. The nature and extent of the Cherokee title has been settled by previous adjudications of this court. In the case of Cherokee Trust Funds, 117 U.S. 288, 308 , 29 S. L. ed. 880, 886, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 718, 727, it was held that the lands of the Cherokee Nation belonged to them as a political body, and not to its individual members, and, speaking of the rights of individual Cherokees, it was said: 'He had a right to use parcels of the lands thus held by the nation, subject to such rules as its governing authority might prescribe.'
The lands of the Cherokee Nation are not held in individual ownership, but are public lands, though held for the equal benefit of all the members. Stephens v. Cherokee Nation, 174 U.S. 445 -488, 43 L. ed. 1041-1056, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 722; Cherokee Nation v. Hitchcock, 187 U.S. 295 , 47 L. ed. 184, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 115. Under the patent issued to the Cherokees for their lands, whatever title conveyed was to the Cherokees as a nation, and no title was vested in severalty in any of the Cherokees. Cherokee Nation v. Journeycake, 155 U.S. 196 -207, 39 L. ed. 120-124, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 55.
In an agreement incorporating certain Delawares into the Cherokee Nation it is important to consider under what terms and conditions its citizens held and used the lands occupied by them. We are here dealing with the extent of the title conveyed as between Indian tribes, and the question is, What did the Cherokees convey in the agreement to the Delawares who came within the terms of the compact and who were to be incorporated into the Cherokee Nation? In addition to the limitations expressed in the conveyance, 'for occupancy,' we find other terms of the instrument inconsistent with the grant of a perpetual estate. It is provided that in case the Cherokee [193 U.S. 127, 137] lands shall hereafter be allotted among the members of said nation, the aggregate amount of land provided for the Delawares, to include their improvements according to the legal subdivisions when surveys are made ( that is to say, 160 acres for each individual), shall be guaranteed to each Delaware incorporated by the articles into the Cherokee Nation. The lands which are for occupancy of the Delawares are described as 'Cherokee lands,' and a provision made which secures 160 acres, to include their improvements, to each registered Delaware in case of allotment. It the full title was intended to be transferred to the Delawares, either as a tribe or individually, this stipulation to secure the rights of the Delawares in the contingency named was entirely superfluous. Further, the contract reads: 'Nor shall the ownership and occupancy of said lands by any Delawares so registered be interfered with in any manner whatsoever without his consent, but shall be subject to the same conditions and restrictions as are, by the laws of the Cherokee Nation, imposed upon the native citizens thereof. Provided, that nothing herein shall confer the right to alienate, convey, or dispose of any such land except in accordance with the constitution and laws of said Cherokee Nation.'
These stipulations wholly inconsistent with the full title of the Delawares to the lands in question, must be read in the light of the Constitution and laws of the Cherokee Nation as to the holding of land by Cherokee citizens.
The provisions of the Cherokee constitution and the statutes passed in pursuance thereof pertinent to the subject are collected in the opinion of the court of claims in the Journeycake Case, and are cited in a note to the opinion of this court in the same case. 155 U.S. 207 , 39 L. ed. 124, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 55. From them it is apparent that lands to be held upon the same terms as the Cherokees hold their lands cannot be alienated by those who occupy and hold them, but the ownership is lodged in the Cherokee Nation. The individual has no right to alienate or lease the lands. The nation grants and restricts the right of occupancy. The title [193 U.S. 127, 138] to the lands is vested in the government, to be held and controlled in such wise as to promote the general welfare. Under these restrictions and conditions the registered Delawares held the lands set apart for their occupancy. In the laws of the Cherokee Nation we find that the use of the terms 'for use and occupancy' was not an unfamiliar form of expression in describing the character and limitation upon the right of private ownership. Thus, in the act relating to the public domain, and reserving tracts of lands 1 mile square along railroads at stations, and providing for the sale of town lots, it is provided that the purchaser shall acquire no other rights than those of use and occupancy. If the lands in question were granted in perpetuity to the Delawares, we have the awarding of an estate of this character carved out of lands recognized in the agreement as continuing to be Cherokee lands, belonging to the nation which expressly limits the conveyance of its lands to its own citizens for use and occupancy only. Again, if it was intended to provide for the children or heirs of the first takers-the registered Delawares-we should expect to find some words in the agreement competent for that purpose, conceding that the technical terms of the common law to create an estate in fee need not have been used. As to the children of the registered Delawares, we find this specific provision: 'And the children hereafter born of such Delawares so incorporated into the Cherokee Nation shall, in all respects, be regarded as native Cherokees.' This provision is utterly inconsistent with the grant of an estate in the lands to survive the 'occupancy' of the registered Delawares. Such children are to have the rights of native Cherokees, and no more. Their parents were incorporated into the Cherokee Nation with certain specific rights; the children were to stand upon an equality with their adopted brethren of the Cherokee blood.
The importance of the issue now distinctly made as to the title to these lands has led us to give renewed examination to the question of the extent and character of the interest conveyed to the Delawares in the lands in controversy. In the [193 U.S. 127, 139] Journeycake Case, while it is true that the precise question was not the same as is now presented, full consideration to all the terms of this contract was given in order to determine the interests of the Delawares in the Cherokee lands sold, and the court, speaking by Mr. Justice Brewer, used this pertinent language, the force of which has not been diminished in the light of subsequent examinations aided by the arguments and briefs of counsel now presented: 'So far as the provision in the agreement for the purchase of homes is concerned, it will be perceived that no absolute title to these homes was granted. We may take notice of the fact that the Cherokees, in their long occupation of this reservation, had generally secured homes for themselves; that the laws of the Cherokee Nation provided for the appropriation by the several Cherokees of lands for personal occupation, and that this purchase by the Delawares was with the view of securing to the individual Delawares the like homes; that the lands thus purchased and paid for still remained a part of the Cherokee reservation. And as a further consideration for the payment of this sum for the purchase of homes the Delawares were guaranteed not merely the continued occupancy thereof, but also that in case of a subsequent allotment in severalty of the entire body of lands among the members of the Cherokee Nation, they should receive an aggregate amount equal to that which they had purchased, and such a distribution as would secure to them the homes upon which they had settled, together with their improvements. So that if, when the allotment was made, there was, for any reason, not land enough to secure to each member of the Cherokee Nation 160 acres, the Delawares were to have at least that amount, and the deficiency would have to be borne by the native Cherokees pro rata. In other words, there was no purchase of a distinct body of lands, as in the case of the settlement of other tribes as tribes within the limits of the Cherokee reservation. The individual Delawares took their homes in, and remaining in, the Cherokee reservation, and as lands to be considered in any subsequent allotment in severalty among the members of [193 U.S. 127, 140] the Cherokee Nation. All this was in the line of the expressed thought of a consolidation of these Delawares with, and the absorption of them into, the Cherokee Nation as individual members thereof. If it be said that all of the Delaware trust funds were not turned into the national fund it will be remembered that there was no impropriety in the reservation of a part thereof in order to enable the Delawares to make such improvements as they might desire on the tracts that they selected for homes, and also that there was no certainty that all the members of the Delaware tribe would elect to remove to the Cherokee country, and that those who remained in Kansas were entitled to their share in the Delaware national funds.'
If such be the true construction of the agreement, it is nevertheless insisted that it should not be literally enforced in view of the understanding of the parties, more particularly of the Delawares, that they were thereby receiving full title to the occupied lands. To establish this contention it is claimed that in view of the character of the contracting parties they should not be held to the strict rule of evidence which denies the competency of parol testimony to contradict written agreements, and a class of cases is cited of which Worcester v. Georgia, 6 Pet. 515, 8 L. ed. 483, may be taken as an example. The language of Justice McLean is quoted, in which he said:
But the Justice was here dealing with a treaty negotiated between the representatives of the United States and those of the Indians, wherein the disparity of the contracting parties in education and knowledge of law and the use of language is obvious. [193 U.S. 127, 141] The contract of April 7, 1867, was negotiated between representatives of Indian nations, meeting upon equal terms. In the testimony of John G. Pratt, called for the Delawares, and at one time Indian agent for the Delaware agency, it appears:
Q. Do you know whether or not the agreement frequently referred to in your testimony was read over to the two delegations representing the Delawares and Cherokee tribes of Indians?
A. It was read over repeatedly; read over and corrected and altered and read over again several times, and each party put in his suggestions, until they finally harmonized.
Q. Then, as I understand, the agreement, as finally signed, expressed the wishes of both sides, and both sides were fully satisfied with all it contained?
A. No; the Delawares were not satisfied, but they signed because it was the best they could do. They wanted to own the land outright.
Q. They did not contend at any time afterwards that the agreement did not fully express what they intended to express, did they?
A. No, sir; I did not hear anything of that kind.
We can perceive no room in this case for a departure from the familiar rules of the law protecting written agreements from the uncertainties of parol testimony. The testimony offered was, in the main, that of interested persons nearly thirty years after the agreement had been reduced to writing and signed by the parties thereto. Nor can we find a latent ambiguity in the terms of the contract which requires the admission of parol testimony to explain its effect. In the light of the circumstances and the language used in the writing, its construction is not rendered difficult because of latent ambiguities. It is claimed as a cogent circumstance, which should be considered in construing this agreement, that the Cherokee Nation received $1 per acre for these lands,- a sum sufficient to cover their full value, and of consequent importance in determining the character of the estate conveyed. [193 U.S. 127, 142] In the Journeycake Case it was held that, in consideration of the sum paid for citizenship rights, the Delawares obtained an interest in the lands of the Cherokee Nation, although the same were not considered in making up the sum paid for what has been denominated the right of citizenship. In that case it is pointed out that at the time the agreement under consideration was made the Cherokee Nation possessed, in addition to the 'neutral' lands in Kansas, which were estimated at $1,000,000 in making up the total of the Cherokee national fund of $1,678,000 upon the basis of which the Delawares paid into the common fund-
In that case it was held that the Delawares acquired a right in the distribution of the proceeds, not only of the Kansas lands, but as well in such sales as were made of this vast domain held by the Cherokee Nation. Of this feature of the agreement Mr. Justice Brewer, in the Journeycake Case, says: 'Neither should too much weight be given to the fact that the Delawares were to pay for their homes at the rate of $1 an acre, for by that purchase they acquired no title in fee simple, and it is not unreasonable to believe that the price thus fixed was not merely as compensation for the value of the lands (to be taken in the eastern portion of the reservation, where the body of the Cherokees had their homes, and therefore probably the most valuable portion of the entire reservation), but also as sufficient compensation for an interest in the entire body of lands, that interest being, like that of the native Cherokees, limited to a mere occupancy of the tracts set apart for homes, with the right to free use in common of the unoccupied portion of the reserve, and the right to share in any future allotment.' [193 U.S. 127, 143] We conclude, then, that the registered Delawares acquired in these lands only the right of occupancy during life, with a right, upon allotment of the lands, to not less than 160 acres, together with their improvements, and the children and descendants of such Delawares took only the rights of other citizens of the Cherokee Nation, as the same are regulated by its laws.
The bill further seeks to exclude from the allotment of Cherokee lands and funds certain citizens alleged to have been illegally admitted to citizenship, thereby wrongfully diminishing the shares of the Delawares in the common property. At the time of the agreement of April 7, 1867, the constitution, 2 and 5, of the Cherokee Nation had been amended to read:
These constitutional provisions were in full force when the Delawares acquired their rights and when they were incorporated, or, as the agreement expressed it, 'consolidated,' with [193 U.S. 127, 144] the Cherokee Nation. Under its terms the Delawares have participated in political rights and have taken part in the government of the nation. It is claimed that these amendments were illegally adopted for want of compliance with authorized methods for amending the national constitution. But the nation has never undertaken to set them aside or call in question their force and effect. They were in the fundamental law when the Delawares were made a part of the Cherokee Nation and the rights exercised were only those belonging to the nation when the Delawares saw fit to subject themselves to the laws of a new nation of which they were to become a component part upon equal terms with other citizens. The Cherokee Nation has many of the rights and privileges of an independent people. They have their own constitution and laws and power to administer their internal affairs. They are recognized as a distinct political community and treaties have been made with them in that character. Cherokee Trust Funds, 117 U.S. 288 , 29 L. ed. 880, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 718. It is not reasonable to suppose that in the act under which these proceedings were brought it was intended to authorize inquiry into the administration of the political affairs of the Cherokee Nation, with a view to setting aside and the revision of political action in admitting and the revision of plitical action in admitting persons to citizenship in the nation under authority of its constitution. The same conclusion disposes of the contention of the appellants that relief can be granted in this case in respect to alleged maladministration of the financial affairs of the Cherokee Nation, with a view to holding it to account in favor of the Delawares prosecuting this suit. We are authorized by the enabling act to determine the contractual rights of the Delawares in the national lands and funds; not to overhaul the political and administrative action of the Cherokee Nation.
The act authorizing this suit contemplates a determination of the rights and interest of the Delawares residing in the Cherokee Nation in the lands and funds of the Cherokee Nation under the compact of April, 1867. That it was the purpose [193 U.S. 127, 145] of Congress to have a full and final determination of such rights is further shown in the Cherokee allotment act of July 1, 1902. Section 23 of this act provides:
These acts contemplate a judgment of the court which shall determine the rights of the Delawares and Cherokees in the lands and funds of the Cherokee Nation in such wise as to enable a division to be made conformable to the rights of the parties as judicially determined. The court of claims rendered [193 U.S. 127, 146] a decree dismissing the bill. Whilst agreeing with the conclusions reached in that court as to the rights of the Delawares. we think the bill was broad enough in its allegations and prayer for relief to require a definite settlement of the rights in controversy. Instead of dismissing the bill, we think a decree should have been entered finding the registered Delawares entitled to participate equally with Cherokee citizens of Cherokee blood in the allotment of lands of the Cherokee Nation, with the addition that if there is not enough land to give to each citizen of the nation 160 acres, then the registered Delawares shall be given that quantity, together with their improvements. In all other respects the Cherokee citizens, whether of Delaware or Cherokee blood, should be given equal rights in the lands and funds of the Cherokee Nation. The decree dismissing the bill is so modified as to conform to the terms just stated; and as so modified it is affirmed.
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