DAVIS v. MASSACHUSETTS (2025)

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER ON DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS FOR PARTIAL DISMISSAL

This is a civil action brought by plaintiff Marcus Davis against five defendants: the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; the Massachusetts State Police (“MSP”); the Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security (“EOPSS”); and two MSP officers, Colonel Jack Mawn and Trooper Ali Jaafar. The amended complaint alleges that Trooper Jaafar conducted an illegal search and seizure of plaintiff on October 18, 2022, resulting in multiple tort and constitutional violations.¹

The complaint asserts a total of five claims, two of which are against all defendants: a claim of negligence arising out of “the manner in which [plaintiff] was pursued, seized, apprehended, restrained, arrested, and prosecuted” (Count 1) and a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that defendants conducted an illegal search and seizure in violation of plaintiff's rights under the Fourth and Eighth Amendments (Count 5). (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 45, 70-71). The other three claims are brought against only the Commonwealth, MSP, EOPSS, and Colonel Mawn—that is, all defendants but Trooper Jaafar. Those claims allege negligent training and supervision of Trooper Jaafar (Count 2); negligent infliction of emotional distress (Count 3); and intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”) (Count 4). (Id. ¶¶ 48, 56, 61). The complaint seeks monetary damages for the alleged violations.

Defendants have filed two motions seeking partial dismissal of the complaint. One motion was filed by Trooper Jaafar alone and seeks dismissal under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) as to his liability under Count 1.² The second motion was filed by the remaining defendants and seeks dismissal of all claims against them under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6).

For the following reasons, the motions will be granted.

I. Background

Unless otherwise noted, the following facts are set forth as alleged in the complaint.³

A. Parties

Marcus Davis is an individual who resides in Fall River, Massachusetts. (Am. Compl. ¶ 2).

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a governmental entity. (Id. ¶ 3). The MSP and EOPSS are agencies of the Commonwealth. (Id.). Colonel Mawn and Trooper Jaafar are officers employed by the MSP. (Id. ¶¶ 4-5).⁴

B. Factual Background

On October 18, 2022, while working a patrol shift in Taunton, Massachusetts, Trooper Jaafar observed a white male operating a car whose inspection sticker had expired. (Id. ¶¶ 7-8). He did not pull the car over at that time. (Id. ¶ 8).

Shortly thereafter, Trooper Jaafar saw the same car at a gas station. (Id. ¶ 9). The car had two additional occupants, plaintiff and Kayla Gifford, both of whom are black. (Id.). Trooper Jaafar monitored the vehicle and pulled it over after it made an abrupt turn with a late signal. (Id. ¶ 10). He then ordered the driver, Manual Medeiros, to step out of the car for questioning. (Id. ¶¶ 11-12). According to the complaint, as Medeiros walked away from the car, he dropped an object that looked like “a rock of crack cocaine.” (Id. ¶ 13). Trooper Jaafar then pat-frisked Medeiros and questioned him about plaintiff and Gifford. (Id.). He handcuffed Medeiros and placed him in his police cruiser. (Id. ¶ 14).

Trooper Jaafar then ordered plaintiff out of the car and searched him, finding “wash”—that is, cocaine—in his pocket. (Id. ¶ 16). He handcuffed plaintiff and placed him in the cruiser. (Id.). Officer Sarah Ulianelli, a Taunton Police officer who arrived on the scene to assist Trooper Jaafar, conducted a search of Gifford and placed her under arrest after finding drugs in her possession. (Id. ¶¶ 17-18). Plaintiff was then told that he, too, was under arrest for drug trafficking. (Id. ¶ 19).

The prosecutions of plaintiff and Gifford proceeded in Taunton District Court. (Id. ¶ 20). On November 3, 2023, the court conducted a suppression hearing. (Id.). The court concluded that Trooper Jaafar lacked probable cause necessary to justify the search and seizure of plaintiff and Gifford, rendering the arrests unconstitutional. (Id. ¶ 21). The court accordingly granted the motion to suppress the drug evidence, and the charges against plaintiff were dismissed on December 18, 2023. (Id. ¶ 23). The Commonwealth did not appeal the court's findings or the dismissal of the case. (Id.).⁵

C. Procedural Background

Plaintiff filed suit on June 3, 2024. The complaint alleges that all defendants acted negligently and breached a duty of care owed to plaintiff in the course of the search, seizure, and arrest (Count 1); that the Commonwealth, MSP, EOPSS and Colonel Mawn negligently trained and supervised Trooper Jaafar (Count 2), and that they negligently and intentionally inflicted emotional distress on plaintiff (Counts 3 and 4); and that all defendants violated plaintiff's Fourth and Eighth Amendment rights in the course of conducting an illegal search and seizure (Count 5). The complaint seeks monetary damages for the alleged violations.

Defendants have moved for a partial dismissal of the complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and (b)(6). Specifically, defendants contend that (1) sovereign immunity bars the state-law claims asserted against the Commonwealth, MSP, EOPSS, and Colonel Mawn in his official capacity; (2) the Massachusetts Tort Claims Act (“MTCA”), Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258, shields Colonel Mawn and Trooper Jaafar in their personal capacities from liability under a theory of negligence; (3) the complaint fails to state an IIED claim as to Colonel Mawn; (4) the Commonwealth, MSP, EOPSS, and Colonel Mawn (in his official capacity) are not “persons” subject to suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983; and (5) the complaint fails to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Colonel Mawn in his individual capacity.

For the following reasons, the motions will be granted.

II. Legal Standard

On a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), “the party invoking the jurisdiction of a federal court carries the burden of proving its existence.” Johansen v. United States, 506 F.3d 65, 68 (1st Cir. 2007) (quoting Murphy v. United States, 45 F.3d 520, 522 (1st Cir. 1995)). If the party seeking to invoke federal jurisdiction “fails to demonstrate a basis for jurisdiction,” the motion to dismiss must be granted. Id. When ruling on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1), the court “must credit the plaintiff's well-[pleaded] factual allegations and draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff's favor.” Merlonghi v. United States, 620 F.3d 50, 54 (1st Cir. 2010).

On a motion to dismiss made pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the court “must assume the truth of all well-plead[ed] facts and give the plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences therefrom.” Ruiz v. Bally Total Fitness Holding Corp., 496 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2007) (citing Rogan v. Menino, 175 F.3d 75, 77 (1st Cir. 1999)). To survive a motion to dismiss, the complaint must state a claim that is plausible on its face. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In other words, the “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, ․ on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).” Id. at 555 (citations omitted). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). Dismissal is appropriate if the complaint fails to set forth “factual allegations, either direct or inferential, respecting each material element necessary to sustain recovery under some actionable legal theory.” Gagliardi v. Sullivan, 513 F.3d 301, 305 (1st Cir. 2008) (quoting Centro Medico del Turabo Inc. v. Feliciano de Melecio, 406 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2005)).

III. Analysis

A. Sovereign Immunity

Defendants have moved to dismiss Counts 1 through 4 as to the Commonwealth, MSP, EOPSS, and Colonel Mawn in his official capacity, asserting that in the absence of consent or abrogation, the state and its agencies are immune from suit under the Eleventh Amendment. See U.S. Const. amend. XI; Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 100 (1984) (stating that “[i]t is clear, of course, that in the absence of consent a suit in which the State or one of its agencies or departments is named as the defendant is proscribed by the Eleventh Amendment”); Wojcik v. Massachusetts State Lottery Comm'n, 300 F.3d 92, 99 (1st Cir. 2002) (stating that a state's immunity from suit “extends to any entity that is an arm of the state” (internal quotations omitted)). That immunity extends to suits brought against state officials in their official capacities. See Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989) (stating that “a suit against a state official in his or her official capacity is not a suit against the official but rather is a suit against the official's office”).

Here, the Commonwealth has not waived its sovereign immunity or otherwise consented to suit in federal court for the asserted tort claims. See Caisse v. DuBois, 346 F.3d 213, 218 (1st Cir. 2003) (stating that “[b]y enacting the Massachusetts Tort Claims Act, the Commonwealth has not waived its Eleventh Amendment immunity to suit in federal court” (emphasis added)). Moreover, plaintiff does not contest defendants’ assertion that dismissal is warranted on sovereign-immunity grounds. See Baez-Viera v. Cooperativa Abraham Rosa, 2009 WL 10681049, at *3 (D.P.R. June 15, 2009) (dismissing claims where plaintiffs concede that defendant's argument warrants dismissal). For those reasons, the motion to dismiss Counts 1 through 4 as to the Commonwealth, MSP, EOPSS, and Colonel Mawn in his official capacity will be granted for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.⁶

B. The § 1983 Claim against the Commonwealth and Its Agents

Defendants have also moved to dismiss Count 5 as to the Commonwealth, MSP, EOPSS, and Colonel Mawn in his official capacity, asserting that they are not “persons” subject to suit under § 1983. Section 1983 claims are limited to conduct attributable to a “person” acting under the color of state law. See Soto v. Flores, 103 F.3d 1056, 1061 (1st Cir. 1997). States, state agencies, and state employees acting in their official capacities are not “persons” for the purposes of a § 1983 suit. Will, 491 U.S. at 71 (holding that “neither a State nor its officials acting in their official capacities are ‘persons’ under § 1983”); see Destek Grp., Inc. v. State of New Hampshire Pub. Utilities Comm'n, 318 F.3d 32, 40 (1st Cir. 2003) (stating that “[i]t is well settled ․ that neither a state agency nor a state official acting in his official capacity may be sued for damages in a § 1983 action.”).

Accordingly, and because plaintiff does not contest defendant's assertion that § 1983 is inapplicable to states and their agents, Count 5 will be dismissed as to the Commonwealth, MSP, EOPSS, and Colonel Mawn in his official capacity.

C. Individual Liability

1. Negligence Claims

Defendants next move to dismiss Counts 1 through 3 as to Colonel Mawn and Count 1 as to Trooper Jaafar in their individual capacities on the ground that they are not subject to liability under the MTCA.

The MTCA “shields public employees from personal liability for negligent conduct” performed in the scope of their employment. Caisse, 346 F.3d at 218 (citing McNamara v. Honeyman, 406 Mass. 43, 46 (1989) (holding that public employees are immune from negligence suits under the MTCA)); see also Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258, § 2. Instead, the “exclusive” remedy available to a plaintiff alleging injury resulting from a public employee's negligence is a suit against the public employer itself. See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258, § 2.

As to Colonel Mawn, Counts 1 through 3 allege various forms of negligence in his role as an MSP official—that is, acts performed within the scope of his employment. The complaint does not allege that Colonel Mawn was acting beyond the scope of his employment at the time of the alleged incident, and plaintiff concedes that the MTCA bars negligence suits against public employees acting within the scope of their employment. Colonel Mawn therefore falls squarely within the immunity protections afforded by the MTCA to public employees. Accordingly, Counts 1 through 3 will be dismissed as to him.

However, plaintiff maintains that Trooper Jaafar was acting beyond the scope of his employment at the time of the alleged incident, and thus asserts that the MTCA does not shield him from liability under a theory of negligence. The three factors to be considered when determining whether an employee's conduct is within the scope of his employment are “(1) whether the conduct in question is of the kind the employee is hired to perform, (2) whether it occurs within authorized time and space limits, and (3) whether it is motivated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve the employer.” Merlonghi, 620 F.3d at 55 (quoting Clickner v. City of Lowell, 422 Mass. 539, 542 (1996)) (internal quotations omitted). “[S]cope of employment is not construed restrictively” and can include intentional conduct that “stems from and directly relates to” the employee's responsibilities. See Gindi v. Norton, 216 F. Supp. 3d 199, 204-05 (D. Mass. 2016) (internal quotations omitted).

Here, the alleged incident involves a motor-vehicle stop conducted by Trooper Jaafar, a state police officer, predicated on the enforcement of state traffic laws. (Am. Compl. ¶ 10). That stop resulted in a subsequent search and arrest of plaintiff and his co-passengers. (Id. ¶¶ 12-19). Trooper Jaafar was on duty and “working a regular patrol shift” at the time of the alleged incident. (Id. ¶ 7). Clearly, then, the first two factors of the scope-of-employment test are satisfied.

Plaintiff nonetheless contends that the third factor—that is, whether Trooper Jaafar's actions were motivated in part to serve his employer—is not satisfied because he engaged in “intentional misconduct” that cannot be in furtherance of his employer's work. (ECF No. 22 at 5-6). However, the fact that conduct is intentional does not render it impossible to be intended to serve the employer, and the complaint does not allege that Trooper Jaafar's actions were entirely unrelated to the interests of the MSP. In any event, courts have regularly held that “decisions of law enforcement officers regarding whether, when, how, and whom to investigate” are afforded immunity from tort liability under the MTCA, even when such discretion is “abused.” Evariste v. City of Boston, 2020 WL 1332835, at *8 (D. Mass. Mar. 23, 2020).

In short, the allegations of the complaint, even viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, suggest that Trooper Jaafar was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of the alleged incident. See Gindi, 216 F. Supp. 3d at 204. He is therefore insulated from negligence liability under the MTCA and Count 1 will be dismissed as to him.

2. The IIED Claim

As to the IIED claim, defendants assert that the complaint fails to set forth any allegations that Colonel Mawn engaged in any intentional conduct that caused severe emotional distress to plaintiff. To prevail on an IIED claim, a plaintiff must prove the following:

(1) that the actor intended to inflict emotional distress or that he knew or should have known that emotional distress was the likely result of his conduct ․; (2) that the conduct was “extreme and outrageous,” was “beyond all possible bounds of decency” and was “utterly intolerable in a civilized community” ․; (3) that the actions of the defendant were the cause of the plaintiff's distress ․; and (4) that the emotional distress sustained by the plaintiff was “severe.”

Miller v. Pugliese, 693 F. Supp. 3d 163, 183 (D. Mass. 2023) (quoting Howell v. Enter. Publ'g Co., LLC, 455 Mass. 641, 672 (2010)).

Here, the complaint is devoid of any factual allegations concerning Colonel Mawn's conduct. There are no allegations that he interacted with plaintiff or in any way engaged in purposeful behavior that could be characterized as extreme or outrageous. And aside from a single conclusory statement that “[d]efendants’ conduct caused [p]laintiff emotional distress of the nature and severity that no reasonable person could be expected to endure,” the complaint lacks any factual allegation concerning the nature and severity of the emotional distress suffered by plaintiff. (Am. Compl. ¶ 61).

In his opposition brief, plaintiff asserts that Colonel Mawn intentionally permitted and encouraged Trooper Jaafar's alleged racial profiling. However, the complaint does not plead any such allegation. Thus, even viewing the complaint in the light most favorable to plaintiff, it fails to allege an IIED claim against Colonel Mawn. Count 4 will therefore be dismissed as to him.

3. The § 1983 Claim

Finally, defendants have moved to dismiss Count 5 as to Colonel Mawn in his individual capacity, asserting that the complaint fails to state a claim under § 1983. The complaint alleges that Colonel Mawn inadequately trained and supervised Trooper Jaafar in a manner that consciously disregarded plaintiff's constitutional rights.

“It is well-established that ‘only those individuals who participated in the conduct that deprived the plaintiff of his rights can be held liable.’ ” Velez-Rivera v. Agosto-Alicea, 437 F.3d 145, 156 (1st Cir. 2006) (quoting Cepero-Rivera v. Fagundo, 414 F.3d 124, 132 (1st Cir. 2005)). A supervisor may be held liable for the actions of his subordinate “only if (1) the subordinate's behavior results in a constitutional violation, and (2) the supervisor's action was ‘affirmatively linked’ to the behavior only in the sense that it could be characterized as supervisory encouragement, condonation, or acquiescence or gross negligence amounting to deliberate indifference.” Turner v. Baker, 2018 WL 1885667, at *2 (D. Mass. Apr. 18, 2018) (citing Hearty v. Somerset County, 53 F.3d 1367, 1379-80 (1st Cir. 1995)); see Ouellette v. Beaupre, 977 F.3d 127, 140 (1st Cir. 2020) (stating that “a § 1983 claim premised on a theory of supervisory liability must plead an affirmative link between the behavior of a subordinate and the action or inaction of his supervisor” (internal quotations omitted)).

The complaint lacks allegations suggesting that Colonel Mawn provided deficient training to Trooper Jaafar. It does not plead facts indicating that he took any action related to the search and seizure of plaintiff or that his behavior was in any way linked to the alleged violation. At most, the complaint contains conclusory allegations that “Jaafar was inadequately and[/]or negligently trained and[/]or supervised, and the decision of the Commonwealth, MSP, and EOPSS in that regard were deliberate and[/]or conscious.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 68). Even then, the complaint does not allege that Colonel Mawn himself provided deficient training amounting to deliberate indifference. In his opposition brief, plaintiff asserts that Trooper Jaafar's actions were part of a broader pattern racial profiling. But again, there is nothing in the complaint concerning that claim. Indeed, the complaint is devoid of any allegation that Colonel Mawn even communicated or interacted with Trooper Jaafar at all, let alone in a manner that would constitute “gross negligence” with respect to plaintiff's constitutional rights.

Accordingly, because “there are no well-pleaded, non-conclusory factual allegations that [Colonel Mawn] was personally involved in, aware of, or deliberately indifferent to, any of the actions of [Trooper Jaafar] complained of in the amended complaint,” Count 5 will be dismissed as to Colonel Mawn in his individual capacity. See Turner, 2018 WL 1885667, at *2.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the motions to dismiss are granted. Count 1 is therefore dismissed as to all defendants and Counts 2 through 5 are dismissed as to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the Massachusetts State Police, the Executive Office of Public Safety and Security, and Colonel Jack Mawn.

So Ordered.

FOOTNOTES

1.   For the sake of convenience, the amended complaint will be referred to as “the complaint” unless the context indicates otherwise.

2.   Trooper Jaafar has not moved for dismissal of Count 5.

3.   On a motion to dismiss, the court may properly consider four types of documents outside the complaint without converting the motion into one for summary judgment: (1) documents of undisputed authenticity; (2) documents that are official public records; (3) documents that are central to plaintiff's claim; and (4) documents that are sufficiently referred to in the complaint. Watterson v. Page, 987 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 1993).

4.   The complaint mentions Terrence Reidy—the Director of the EOPSS—in its description of the parties, but he is not a named defendant and there are no allegations pleaded against him individually. (Am. Compl. ¶ 5). Defendants do not appear to recognize Reidy as a co-defendant and plaintiff does not indicate that he should be considered a defendant separate from the EOPSS. Thus, the EOPSS, but not Reidy as an individual, will be construed as the named defendant.

5.   The complaint further alleges three separate incidents of alleged racial discrimination by Trooper Jaafar, none of which involved plaintiff. In the first incident, Trooper Jaafar allegedly stopped a vehicle driven by a Hispanic male without probable cause. (Am. Compl. ¶ 25). During an ensuing lawsuit, a defense expert allegedly testified that Trooper Jaafar stopped Hispanic drivers more than often than “would be expected.” (Id. ¶ 28). That matter was dismissed for unspecified reasons. The second incident involved Trooper Jaafar allegedly pulling over a car driven by a black male. (Id. ¶ 30). An ensuing prosecution of the driver was dismissed after a motion to suppress was granted. (Id. ¶ 31). The third incident involved Trooper Jaafar allegedly stopping a vehicle occupied by four black males and charging all occupants with drug crimes. (Id. ¶ 33). The district court found that the stop was unlawful and dismissed the case, although the prosecution has appealed that decision. (Id.).

6.   The complaint is ambiguous as to whether Trooper Jaafar is sued in his official capacity in Count 1. To the extent that he is sued in his official capacity, for the reasons stated, the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over such a claim and it will be dismissed.

SAYLOR, Chief Judge