PEOPLE v. STERLING (2008)

Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Broome County (Smith, J.), rendered May 18, 2007, convicting defendant upon his plea of guilty of the crimes of rape in the first degree (two counts), burglary in the second degree (two counts) and sodomy in the first degree.

While incarcerated at the Tioga County Jail for the commission of an unrelated offense, defendant was asked to provide a DNA sample in connection with the investigation of two incidents involving the burglary and rape of female victims.   Upon his refusal, a jail correction officer was instructed to retain the remnants from defendant's lunch meal tray for the purpose of DNA analysis.   Based on, among other things, the results of a DNA comparison of a milk carton acquired by the correction officer and the vaginal swabs contained in the victims' rape kits, defendant was charged with crimes arising out of the incidents.

Defendant moved to suppress the DNA evidence obtained from his milk carton as the product of an unlawful search.   Following a Mapp hearing, County Court found it admissible.   Defendant eventually pleaded guilty to the crimes of rape in the first degree (two counts), burglary in the second degree (two counts) and sodomy in the first degree and was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of 18 years and five years of postrelease supervision.   This appeal ensued.

 We discern no error in County Court's denial of defendant's motion to suppress the DNA evidence obtained from the milk carton.   In seeking suppression, defendant must establish standing by demonstrating a legitimate expectation of privacy in the object searched (see People v. Ramirez-Portoreal, 88 N.Y.2d 99, 108, 643 N.Y.S.2d 502, 666 N.E.2d 207 [1996];  People v. Wesley, 73 N.Y.2d 351, 358-359, 540 N.Y.S.2d 757, 538 N.E.2d 76 [1989] ).  “This burden is satisfied if the [defendant] subjectively manifested an expectation of privacy with respect to the ․ item searched that society recognizes to be objectively reasonable under the circumstances” (People v. Burton, 6 N.Y.3d 584, 588, 815 N.Y.S.2d 7, 848 N.E.2d 454 [2006] [citation omitted];  see People v. O'Brien, 2 A.D.3d 1222, 1224, 769 N.Y.S.2d 654 [2003], lv. denied 2 N.Y.3d 743, 778 N.Y.S.2d 469, 810 N.E.2d 922 [2004] ).

The evidence at the hearing established that the milk carton was a disposable item provided to defendant that defendant knew would be collected by jail personnel upon completion of his meal.   To the extent that defendant argues that he was ordered to turn over his lunch tray before he had completed his meal, County Court credited the contrary testimony of the correction officer over that of defendant, a determination that we accord great deference and will not disturb, where, as here, it is supported by the record (see People v. Russell, 41 A.D.3d 1094, 1096, 838 N.Y.S.2d 710 [2007], lv. denied 10 N.Y.3d 964, 863 N.Y.S.2d 148, 893 N.E.2d 454 [2008];  People v. Bermudez, 31 A.D.3d 968, 968, 817 N.Y.S.2d 924 [2006], lv. denied 8 N.Y.3d 944, 836 N.Y.S.2d 554, 868 N.E.2d 237 [2007] ).   Thus, defendant did not subjectively exhibit an expectation of privacy in the milk carton by “seek[ing] to preserve [it] as private” (People v. Ramirez-Portoreal, 88 N.Y.2d at 108, 643 N.Y.S.2d 502, 666 N.E.2d 207).   Furthermore, considering, among other things, the diminished expectation of privacy in the jail and prison context (see Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 557, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 [1979];  People v. Frye, 144 A.D.2d 714, 714, 534 N.Y.S.2d 735 [1988], lv. denied 73 N.Y.2d 891, 538 N.Y.S.2d 804, 535 N.E.2d 1344 [1989];  see also People v. Mendoza, 50 A.D.3d 478, 479, 855 N.Y.S.2d 529 [2008] ), it simply cannot be said that society would recognize as reasonable an expectation of privacy in a disposable milk carton provided to an incarcerated individual.

 Nor did defendant retain an expectation of privacy in the DNA gleaned from the milk carton.   As “[t]he overriding function of the Fourth Amendment is to protect personal privacy and dignity against unwarranted intrusion by the State” (Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 767, 86 S.Ct. 1826, 16 L.Ed.2d 908 [1966] [emphasis added] ), it can hardly be disputed that defendant enjoyed the right to be free from unreasonable intrusions into his body for the purpose of obtaining his bodily fluids or, in this case, DNA (see Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646, 652, 115 S.Ct. 2386, 132 L.Ed.2d 564 [1995];  Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. at 767-768, 86 S.Ct. 1826).   However, it is equally clear that once defendant drank from the milk carton, which was thereafter lawfully obtained by police, he no longer retained any expectation of privacy in the discarded genetic material (see State v. Athan, 160 Wash.2d 354, 374, 158 P.3d 27, 37 [2007];  see also Piro v. State, 146 Idaho 86, 190 P.3d 905, 910 [2008];  see generally United States v. Mara, 410 U.S. 19, 21, 93 S.Ct. 774, 35 L.Ed.2d 99 [1973];  Abel v. United States, 362 U.S. 217, 240-241, 80 S.Ct. 683, 4 L.Ed.2d 668 [1960] ).   Indeed, “once constitutional concerns have been satisfied, a [genetic] sample is not unlike other tangible property which can be subject to a battery of scientific tests” (People v. King, 232 A.D.2d 111, 118, 663 N.Y.S.2d 610 [1997], lv. denied 91 N.Y.2d 875, 668 N.Y.S.2d 574, 691 N.E.2d 646 [1997] ).¹

 Nor was defendant's plea rendered involuntary by his statement during the colloquy that he was intoxicated at the time he allegedly committed the second burglary and rape or his inability to recall all of the specific facts regarding those crimes.  “As long as the court takes ‘precautions to assure that the defendant is aware of what he is doing,’ it may accept a guilty plea even though defendant's recitation of the underlying facts fails to establish all the elements of the crimes to which the defendant has pleaded guilty” (People v. Munck, 278 A.D.2d 662, 663, 717 N.Y.S.2d 431 [2000], quoting People v. Serrano, 15 N.Y.2d 304, 310, 258 N.Y.S.2d 386, 206 N.E.2d 330 [1965] ).   Further, where a defendant's plea allocution “raises the possibility of a defense such as intoxication, the trial court is obligated to inquire whether the defendant is aware of the defense and whether his or her waiver of it is intelligent and voluntary” (People v. Munck, 278 A.D.2d at 663, 717 N.Y.S.2d 431;  see People v. Osgood, 254 A.D.2d 571, 572, 681 N.Y.S.2d 365 [1998] ). Here, when defendant stated that he could not recall certain aspects of the crimes because he was intoxicated, County Court immediately advised defendant that the crimes to which he was pleading required criminal intent, discussed with him the possibility of the intoxication defense and how that defense operated, and explained that by pleading guilty, he would waive his right to assert this defense at trial.   Defendant then confirmed his understanding of the intoxication defense and that he was forgoing his right to pursue this defense at trial.   Thus, having assured that defendant's waiver of the potential intoxication defense was knowing and voluntary, County Court properly accepted defendant's plea of guilty (see People v. Munck, 278 A.D.2d at 663, 717 N.Y.S.2d 431;  People v. Moore, 270 A.D.2d 715, 716, 705 N.Y.S.2d 425 [2000], lv. denied 95 N.Y.2d 800, 711 N.Y.S.2d 168, 733 N.E.2d 240 [2000];  compare People v. Osgood, 254 A.D.2d at 572-573, 681 N.Y.S.2d 365;  People v. Braman, 136 A.D.2d 382, 384-385, 527 N.Y.S.2d 104 [1988], lv. denied 72 N.Y.2d 911, 532 N.Y.S.2d 760, 528 N.E.2d 1233 [1988] ).

 Next addressing defendant's ineffective assistance of counsel claim, to the extent that this claim impacts the voluntariness of his plea, defendant's failure to move to withdraw his plea or to vacate the judgment of conviction renders the issue unpreserved for our review (see People v. Clark, 52 A.D.3d 951, 952, 860 N.Y.S.2d 659 [2008];  People v. McKeney, 45 A.D.3d 974, 975, 844 N.Y.S.2d 516 [2007] ).   Further, insofar as defendant's arguments relate to counsel's deficiencies in the preparation and investigation of his case or otherwise involve matters outside the record, such claims are more properly the subject of a CPL article 440 motion (see People v. Feliz, 51 A.D.3d 1278, 1279, 858 N.Y.S.2d 472 [2008];  People v. Douglas, 38 A.D.3d 1063, 1064, 831 N.Y.S.2d 585 [2007], lv. denied 9 N.Y.3d 843, 840 N.Y.S.2d 769, 872 N.E.2d 882 [2007] ).   Notwithstanding his remaining claimed deficiencies on the part of counsel, the record as a whole establishes that defendant received meaningful representation, particularly in view of the advantageous plea agreement which reduced his sentencing exposure (see People v. Ford, 86 N.Y.2d 397, 404, 633 N.Y.S.2d 270, 657 N.E.2d 265 [1995];  People v. Decker, 32 A.D.3d 1079, 1080, 820 N.Y.S.2d 872 [2006] ).

 Finally, defendant's sentence was not harsh and excessive.   Considering, among other things, his prior criminal history and the fact that he could have received consecutive sentences for each of the crimes pleaded to, we find no abuse of discretion or extraordinary circumstances warranting reduction of the sentence (see People v. Hammond, 45 A.D.3d 1060, 1061, 845 N.Y.S.2d 542 [2007];  People v. Kelly, 37 A.D.3d 866, 868, 829 N.Y.S.2d 259 [2007], lv. denied 8 N.Y.3d 986, 838 N.Y.S.2d 490, 869 N.E.2d 666 [2007] ).

Defendant's remaining contentions have been reviewed and found to be without merit.

ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed.

FOOTNOTES

1.   Defendant provides no support, and we have found none, for his contention that an individual perpetually retains a right to privacy in the genetic material, fingerprints or other evidence of identity which he or she constantly leaves in public places and on objects.

PETERS, J.

MERCURE, J.P., LAHTINEN, MALONE JR. and KAVANAGH, JJ., concur.