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Celia RULLE, Appellant-Respondent, v. IVARI INTERNATIONAL, INC., Respondent-Appellant.
On the Court's own motion, the appeals are consolidated for purposes of disposition.
Order which denied plaintiff's motion for summary judgment unanimously affirmed without costs.
Order which denied defendant's cross motion for summary judgment unanimously modified by providing that defendant's cross motion is granted to the extent of dismissing plaintiff's second cause of action; as so modified, affirmed without costs.
As the record clearly demonstrates the existence of a written offer and conduct which was sufficient to unequivocally accept its terms, there was a written contract between the parties without regard to whether defendant's stamped name and address on the agreement constituted its signature (see, Eldor Contr. Corp. v. County of Nassau, 272 A.D.2d 509, 708 N.Y.S.2d 447; Personnel Career Servs. v. Clough, Harbour & Assocs., 202 A.D.2d 744, 608 N.Y.S.2d 368; Costello Assoc. v. Standard Metals Corp., 99 A.D.2d 227, 472 N.Y.S.2d 325; Joseph v. Atlantic Basin Iron Works, 132 N.Y.S.2d 671; see also, General Construction Law § 46). Accordingly, the second cause of action must be dismissed. However, as the record does not establish whether the contract was mailed to plaintiff before she attempted to cancel it, defendant was not entitled to summary judgment dismissing plaintiff's first cause of action which alleged that she was entitled to a full refund of her payments upon her cancellation pursuant to the Retail Instalment Sales Act (see, Personal Property Law §§ 401[7]; 405).
We note, however, insofar as the first cause of action also alleges that plaintiff was entitled to a refund because the contract did not contain the warnings which are required to be set forth on a retail instalment obligation, this argument lacks merit as there was no requirement that the contract contain the warnings set forth in Personal Property Law § 402(2)(a) and (b) (see, Personal Property Law § 402[2], [7] ). In any event, even if defendant's failure to set forth warnings on the contract constituted a violation of the Retail Instalment Sales Act, such a violation would not have entitled plaintiff to a full refund (see, Personal Property Law § 414; Ben Constr. Corp. v. Snushall, 44 Misc.2d 878, 254 N.Y.S.2d 948).
Although the record is unclear whether plaintiff canceled the contract before defendant mailed an executed copy of the contract to her or after the mailing of the contract, it clearly demonstrates that she repudiated the contract. As previously noted, if plaintiff properly canceled the contract, she is entitled to prevail on her first cause of action. (We do not pass on the merits of her third and fourth causes of action and whether she might be entitled, in the alternative, to recover thereunder as neither party addresses such causes of action on this appeal). However, if she did not properly cancel the contract, she is deemed to be a breaching party. Plaintiff's fifth cause of action seeks, in effect, to recover the money she paid to defendant as a down payment. As the contract herein is predominantly a contract for services (see, Perlmutter v. Beth David Hosp., 308 N.Y. 100, 123 N.E.2d 792; Schenectady Steel Co. v. Trimpoli Gen. Constr. Co., 43 A.D.2d 234, 350 N.Y.S.2d 920, affd. 34 N.Y.2d 939, 359 N.Y.S.2d 560, 316 N.E.2d 875; cf., Vitolo v. Dow Corning Corp., 234 A.D.2d 361, 651 N.Y.S.2d 104; McDowell v. Atco Rubber Prods., 221 A.D.2d 876, 634 N.Y.S.2d 554; Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Galloway, 195 A.D.2d 825, 600 N.Y.S.2d 773; J.I. Hass Co. v. Kristal Assocs., 127 A.D.2d 541, 512 N.Y.S.2d 104; Triangle Underwriters, Inc. v. Honeywell, Inc., 604 F.2d 737), it is not subject to the Uniform Commercial Code (see, UCC 2-102; Schenectady Steel Co. v. Trimpoli Gen. Constr. Co., supra ). As a breaching party, under the common law, there is authority which supports the conclusion that plaintiff would not be able to maintain a cause of action to recover any portion of the money she paid defendant (see, Maxton Bldrs. v. Lo Galbo, 68 N.Y.2d 373, 509 N.Y.S.2d 507, 502 N.E.2d 184; Lawrence v. Miller, 86 N.Y. 131; Kaplan v. Scheiner, 1 A.D.2d 329, 149 N.Y.S.2d 868, 870; Waldman v. Greenberg, 265 App.Div. 827, 37 N.Y.S.2d 565; Muskegon Steamship Corp. v. Fisk, 200 App.Div. 621, 193 N.Y.S. 463; Lichtman v. I.P.M. Indus., Inc., 158 N.Y.S.2d 813; see also, 22A N.Y. Jur 2d, Contracts, § 558; cf., UCC 2-718).
However, the Court of Appeals has implicitly questioned, in a case where no actual damages are shown to have been sustained, whether a breaching party should have to forfeit instalment payments beyond a ten percent down payment (see, Maxton Bldrs. v. Lo Galbo, supra, at 382, n. 3, 509 N.Y.S.2d 507, 502 N.E.2d 184). Although defendant herein did not specify the actual costs it incurred or its typical profit margin on such a contract, inasmuch as plaintiff was faced with a choice between paying the last one-third of the contract price for a procedure she did not want or surrender the two-thirds of the contract price which she already paid, it is possible that either choice penalized plaintiff disproportionately to the loss which defendant would have suffered if plaintiff improperly cancelled the contract. Moreover, if defendant is permitted to retain the two-thirds of the contract price which was paid by plaintiff as a down payment, it is possible that defendant would be “ reap[ing] a windfall well above actual harm sustained” (Truck Rent-A-Center v. Puritan Farms 2nd, 41 N.Y.2d 420, 393 N.Y.S.2d 365, 361 N.E.2d 1015). “[P]ublic policy is firmly set against the imposition of penalties or forfeitures for which there is no statutory authority” (Truck Rent-A-Center v. Puritan Farms 2nd, supra, at 424, 393 N.Y.S.2d 365, 361 N.E.2d 1015, quoting City of Rye v. Public Serv. Mut. Ins. Co., 34 N.Y.2d 470, 472-473, 358 N.Y.S.2d 391, 315 N.E.2d 458). Therefore, to the extent the money paid by plaintiff is grossly disproportionate to the profit which defendant would have realized if the contract had been performed to completion, defendant should only be permitted to retain ten percent of the contract price or the amount of profit it actually lost, whichever is greater. To hold otherwise would violate public policy (see, Truck Rent-A-Center v. Puritan Farms 2nd, supra, at 424, 393 N.Y.S.2d 365, 361 N.E.2d 1015; City of Rye v. Public Serv. Mut. Ins. Co., supra, at 472-473, 358 N.Y.S.2d 391, 315 N.E.2d 458). Consequently, defendant is not entitled to summary judgment dismissing plaintiff's fifth cause of action inasmuch as plaintiff may be entitled to recover a portion of her payments.
The parties' remaining contentions are similarly without merit.
MEMORANDUM.
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Decided: May 01, 2002
Court: Supreme Court, Appellate Term, New York,
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