NEWTON COUNTY v. EAST GEORGIA LAND AND DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LLC (2014)

East Georgia Land and Development Company, LLC sued Newton County and several of its officers for a writ of mandamus,¹ contending that a zoning ordinance adopted by the County on May 21, 1985 is invalid. The trial court agreed that the zoning ordinance is invalid, it awarded summary judgment to East Georgia, and the County appeals. We find no error and affirm.

The zoning ordinance at issue refers to—and purports to incorporate by reference—a set of maps identified in the ordinance as the “Official Zoning District Maps for Newton County.” These maps are an integral part of the zoning ordinance. The ordinance identifies the lands to which its various zoning classifications apply only by reference to the maps, and without the maps, the zoning ordinance would be too indefinite and vague to satisfy the requirements of due process. See Hulsey v. Smith, 224 Ga. 783, 783, 164 S.E.2d 782 (1968); City of Waycross v. Boatright, 104 Ga.App. 685, 687–688(2), 122 S.E.2d 475 (1961). See also City of Flovilla v. McElheney, 246 Ga. 552, 552(1), 272 S.E.2d 287 (1980); City Council of Augusta v. Irvin, 109 Ga.App. 598, 600(1), 137 S.E.2d 82 (1964). The County does not dispute that the maps are an essential part of the ordinance.

The only such maps that appear in the record, however, were adopted by the County on July 2, 1985, and nothing in the record shows that those maps even were in existence on May 21, 1985, when the County enacted the zoning ordinance.² As we explained when this case last appeared in our Court, for an ordinance to properly incorporate a map or other document by record, four criteria must be satisfied:

(1) The document must be sufficiently identified so that there is no uncertainty as to what was adopted. (2) The document must be made a public record. (3) It must be accessible to members of the public who are, or may be, affected by it. (4) The adopting resolution must give notice of this accessibility.

East Georgia Land & Dev. Co. v. Newton County, 290 Ga. 732, 737(2), 723 S.E.2d 909 (2012) (citation and punctuation omitted). A map not yet in existence cannot have been “made a public record” and certainly is not “accessible to members of the public who are, or may be, affected by it.” Indeed, this Court previously has rejected “the proposition that the principle of incorporation by reference can apply prospectively to a document which has yet to be filed or made a public record because it is non-existent.” McKee v. City of Geneva, 280 Ga. 411, 412–413, 627 S.E.2d 555 (2006). Cf. Mid–Ga. Environmental Mgmt. Group v. Meriwether County, 277 Ga. 670, 674(5), 594 S.E.2d 344 (2004) (requirements for incorporation of zoning map by reference were met when, among other things, “[t]he minutes show that the Board had before it the official zoning map at the time it considered the ordinance”); Reynolds v. Bd. of Commrs. of Paulding County, 180 Ga.App. 516, 349 S.E.2d 536 (1986) (upholding validity of zoning ordinance—which purported to incorporate the official zoning map by reference—based on, among other things, the trial court's finding that “[a]t the time of said adoption, there was an official zoning map in existence”). In this respect, our law is consistent with the general rule in American law. See 1 Salkin, American Law of Zoning § 9:3 (5th ed.). From the record, it appears that an essential part of the zoning ordinance was missing when the County enacted the ordinance on May 21, 1985. The trial court so found, and as a result, the trial court concluded that the ordinance was void at the moment of its enactment. We see no error in the findings of the trial court on this point, nor in its conclusion that the ordinance was void from its inception. See Boatright, 104 Ga.App. at 688(2), 122 S.E.2d 475. See also Irvin, 109 Ga.App. at 600(1), 137 S.E.2d 82.

The County argues that, even if the ordinance was invalid at the moment of its enactment, it was made valid on July 2, 1985, when the County adopted the set of maps bearing the designation “Official Zoning District Maps of Newton County.” But there is no evidence that the County reenacted the ordinance on July 2, 1985, when it adopted the maps, see State ex rel. Weiks v. Town of Tumwater, 66 Wash.2d 33, 400 P.2d 789, 792 (Wash.1965), and there also is no evidence that the County purported on July 2, 1985 to incorporate the adopted maps into any zoning ordinance. See Bd. of County Commrs. v. Rohrbach, 226 P.3d 1184, 1188 (Colo.App.2009). And we previously have rejected the idea that an ordinance void at the moment of its enactment can somehow be revived without the formality required to fully enact it again. See McElheney, 246 Ga. at 552–553(1), 272 S.E.2d 287, (2) (zoning ordinance was void and could not be revived where it required certification of maps by a nonexistent official). See also Mancil v. City of Pearson, 158 Ga. 279, 282, 123 S.E. 207 (1924) (where ordinance creating a board of tax-equalizers for the year 1922 was void, a 1923 ordinance could not cure the prior ordinance and create a new board for the year 1922). On this point too, Georgia law is consistent with the general rule in American law. See 3 Rathkopf's The Law of Zoning & Planning § 39:8 (4th ed.) (“Where the original ordinance is itself void or invalid for failure to have followed procedural requirements in its enactment, the usual rule is that any amendment thereto—even if made under proper procedures—is also invalid.” (Citations omitted.)); 6 McQuillin, The Law of Municipal Corporations § 21:5 (3d ed.) (“The general rule is that void ordinances cannot be amended and that an ordinance passed as an amendment to a previous ordinance, which never took effect, is invalid; a void ordinance cannot be vitalized by amendment, and reenactment is necessary to validate that intended to be enacted by it.” (Citations omitted.)). The adoption of “Official Zoning District Maps of Newton County” on July 2, 1985 did nothing to revive the invalid ordinance of May 21, 1985.

The trial court did not err when it concluded that the May 21, 1985 zoning ordinance is invalid, and it was right to award summary judgment to East Georgia. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.³

Judgment affirmed.

BLACKWELL, Justice.

All the Justices concur.