In an appeal from a judgment of the district court dismissing plaintiffs' Alien Tort Statute (ATS) complaint, 28 U.S.C. section 1350, alleging that defendant unlawfully sold thiodiglycol to Saddam Hussein's Iraqi regime, which then used it to manufacture mustard gas to attack Kurdish enclaves in northern Iraq during the late 1980s, judgment is affirmed where the ATS excludes corporations from liability and imposes liability for aiding and abetting violations of international law only if the attendant conduct is purposeful.