LOUISIANA & W. R. CO. v. GARDINER , 273 U.S. 280 (1927)

[273 U.S. 280, 281]   Messrs. Harry McCall, of New Orleans, La., Philip S. Pugh, of Crowley, La., and George Denegre, Victor Leovy, Henry H. Chaffe, and James Hy. Bruns, all of New Orleans, La., for plaintiff in error.

Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

After the record came here under writ of error the railroad company presented a petition for certiorari. The cause is reviewable by certiorari, and the application therefor is granted. The writ of error will be dismissed.

April 3, 1920, the petitioner received from respondent Gardiner at Crowley, La., various articles consigned to himself at Murray, Ky., and issued to him two bills of lading which contained this clause:

'Suits for loss, damage or delay shall be instituted only within two years and one day after delivery of the property.'

The goods were delivered at Murray in bad condition April 15, 1920. He sued to recover for the damage in a Louisiana state court, April 12, 1922. The company success- [273 U.S. 280, 282]   fully relied upon the local statute of limitation:

'All actions for loss of or damage to shipments of freight shall be prescribed by two years, said prescription to run from the date of shipment.' Act No. 223 of 1914

The Court of Appeal declared:

'The liability sought to be enforced is the 'liability' of an interstate carrier for loss or damages under an interstate contract of shipment. ... The validity of any stipulation in such a contract which involves the construction of the statute and the validity of the limitation thereby imposed, is a federal question, to be determined under the general law, and as such is withdrawn from the field of state law or legislation. ... State laws limiting time for bringing suit on interstate shipments are superseded by Carmark Amendment.'

And it accordingly held the plea of prescription insufficient, reversed the judgment of the trial court, and remanded the cause for further proceedings.

On the second trial judgment went for respondent for the full amount claimed. The Court of Appeal reduced this by the amount of the company's claim for an undercharge and the war tax. The Supreme Court refused a writ of certiorari.

Petitioner maintains that the federal statutes prescribe no limitation and that the state law controls. We think this is the correct view. The court below wrongly construed the federal statutes.

The Carmack Amendment to the Hepburn Act of June 29, 1906, c. 3591, 7, 34 Stat. 584, 595, added the following provision to section 20, Act to Regulate Commerce Feb. 4, 1887, c. 104, 24 Stat. 379, 386:

'That any common carrier, railroad, or transportation company receiving property for transportation from a point in one state to a point in another state shall issue a receipt or bill of lading therefor and shall be liable to the lawful holder thereof for any loss, damage, or injury to such property caused by it or by any common carrier, [273 U.S. 280, 283]   railroad, or transportation company to which such property may be delivered or over whose line or lines such property may pass, and no contract, receipt, rule, or regulation shall exempt such common carrier, railroad, or transportation company from the liability hereby imposed: Provided, that nothing in this section shall deprive any holder of such receipt or bill of lading of any remedy or right of action which he has under existing law.' Comp. St. 8604a.

This court held that bills of lading for interstates shipments issued after the Carmack Amendment must be construed according to rules approved by the federal courts and upheld provisions therein which required claims to be filed within any specified time if reasonable. Adams Express Co. v. Croninger, 226 U.S. 491, 505 , 33 S. Ct. 148, 44 L. R. A. ( N. S.) 257; Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. Co. v. Harriman, 227 U.S. 657, 672 , 33 S. Ct. 397; Missouri, Kansas & Texas Ry. v. Harris, 234 U.S. 412, 420 , 34 S. Ct. 790, L. R. A. 1915E, 942; Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. v. Harold, 241 U.S. 371, 377 , 378 S., 36 S. Ct. 665; St. Louis, I. M. & S. R. Co. v. Starbird, 243 U.S. 592, 604 , 37 S. Ct. 462; Erie R. Co. v. Shuart, 250 U.S. 465, 467 , 39 S. Ct. 519; American Ry. Exp. Co. v. Levee, 263 U.S. 19, 21 , 44 S. Ct. 11.

The Cummins Amendment of March 4, 1915, c. 176, 38 Stat. 1196, 1197, modified the Carmack Amendment and directed:

'That it shall be unlawful for any such common carrier to provide by rule, contract, regulation, or otherwise a shorter period for giving notice of claims than ninety days and for the filing of claims for a shorter period than four months, and for the institution of suits than two years.' Comp. St. 8604a.

Transportation Act 1920, c. 91, 41 Stat. 456, 494, provides:

'That it shall be unlawful for any such common carrier to provide by rule, contract, regulation, or otherwise a shorter period for giving notice of claims than ninety days, for the filing of claims than four months, and for the institution of suits than two years, such period for institution of suits to be computed from the day when notice in writing is given by the carrier to the claimant [273 U.S. 280, 284]   that the carrier has disallowed the claim or any part or parts thereof specified in the notice.' Comp. St. 8604a.

The bills of lading issued by petitioner undertook to restrict the institution of suits for loss to two years and one day after delivery of the property. This restriction does not accord with the Transportation Act which declared unlawful any limitation shorter than two years from the time notice is given of the disallowance of the claim, and is therefore ineffective. See Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. Bewsher (C. C. A.) 6 F.(2d) 947. But neither the above-quoted provision from the Cummins Amendment nor the one from the Transportation Act was intended to operate as a statute of limitation. They restricted the freedom of carriers to fix the period within which suit could be brought-prohibited contracts for any shorter period than the one specified.

Here, although the rights of the parties depended upon instruments the meaning and effect of which must be determined according to rules approved by the federal courts, there was no federal statute of limitations and the local one applied. Campbell v. Haverhill, 155 U.S. 610, 613 , 15 S. Ct. 217 et seq.; Chattanooga Foundry, etc., v. Atlanta, 203 U.S. 390, 397 , 27 S. Ct. 65; Meeker v. Lehigh Valley R. Co., 236 U.S. 412, 423 , 35 S. Ct. 328, Ann. Cas. 1916B, 691.

The judgment of the Court of Appeal must be reversed, and the cause will be remanded there for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.