In an action for relief under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) arising out of the operations of Rio Tinto mining group in Papua New Guinea and the uprising against Rio Tinto in the late 1980’s that resulted in the use of military force and many deaths, judgment of the district court is: 1) affirmed in part where plaintiffs' claims of genocide and war crimes fall within the limited federal jurisdiction created by the ATS; but 2) reversed in part where plaintiffs' claim for crimes against humanity arising from a blockade and racial discrimination do not fall within the jurisdiction of the ATS.