United States Ninth Circuit

Defendant's convictions for, inter alia, willfully providing services to Iran in violation of the International Economic Emergency Powers Act (IEEPA), and the Iranian Transaction Regulations (ITR), commonly referred to as the U.S.'s trade embargo against Iran, are affirmed where: 1) the relevant provision of the ITR prohibited "any transaction or dealing in or related to" providing "[g]oods, technology or services" to Iran or its government, whether directly or indirectly; and 2) the Supreme Court has not interpreted "willfulness" in criminal statutes to require the government to prove that a defendant was aware of a specific licensing requirement.

Appellate Information

• Argued 03/01/2010
• Decided 05/05/2010
• Published 05/05/2010

Judges

• Before RONALD M. GOULD and SANDRA S. IKUTA, Circuit Judges, and LLOYD D. GEORGE,District Judge.

Court

• United States Ninth Circuit

Counsel

• For Appellant:
  
• George C. Harris, Morrison & Foerster LLP and Stacy Tolchin, Van Der Hout, Brigagliano & Nightingale, attorneys for the appellant.


• For Appellees:
  
• Susan J. De Witt, Assistant United States Attorney, attorney for the appellee.