United States Ninth Circuit

In the context of 18 U.S.C. section 545, which prohibits fraudulent or knowing importation of merchandise "contrary to law," the term "law" in section 545 includes a "regulation" when, and only when, a statute (a "law") specifies that violation of the regulation is a crime. Also, the term "knowingly" in 42 U.S.C. section 7413(c) of the Clean Air Act requires only that the defendant know the facts constituting the violation.

Appellate Information

• Argued 07/11/2007
• Decided 03/04/2008
• Published 03/04/2008

Judges

• Before:  BARRY G. SILVERMAN, W. FLETCHER, and RICHARD R. CLIFTON, Circuit Judges.

Court

• United States Ninth Circuit

Counsel

• For Appellant:
  
• Amar Alghazouli, pro se, Taft, CA, Benjamin L. Coleman, San Diego, CA, for the appellant.


• For Appellees:
  
• Melanie K. Pierson, Roger W. Haines, Jr., Office of the U.S. Attorney, San Diego, CA, for the appellee.