United States Ninth Circuit

A Hawaiian private, non-profit K-12 school that receives no federal funds does not violate 42 U.S.C. section 1981 by preferring Native Hawaiians in its admissions policy. A modified Title VII standard is established for determining whether a wholly private K-12 educational institution-s remedial admissions policy is valid.

Appellate Information

• Argued 06/20/2006
• Decided 12/05/2006
• Published 12/05/2006

Judges

• Before MARY M. SCHROEDER, Chief Judge, and HARRY PREGERSON, STEPHEN REINHARDT, ALEX KOZINSKI, DIARMUID F. O'SCANNLAIN, PAMELA ANN RYMER, ANDREW J. KLEINFELD, SUSAN P. GRABER, WILLIAM A. FLETCHER, RICHARD A. PAEZ, MARSHA S. BERZON, RICHARD C. TALLMAN, JOHNNIE B. RAWLINSON, JAY S. BYBEE, and CONSUELO M. CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges.

Court

• United States Ninth Circuit

Counsel

• For Appellant:
  
• Eric Grant, Sacramento, CA; John W. Goemans, Kamuela, Hawaii; Michael Stokes Paulsen, Minneapolis, MN, for the plaintiff-appellant., Patrick M.K. Richardson, McCracken, Byers & Haesloop LLP, San Mateo, CA;  Mark J. Bennett, Attorney General, State of Hawaii, Girard D. Lau, Deputy Attorney General, State of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI;  Alexander E. Dreier, Hogan & Hartson LLP, Washington, DC;  Jeffrey N. Watanabe, Honolulu, HI;  David M. Forman, Honolulu, HI;  Wayne M. Pitluck, Pitluck, Kido, Stone & Aipa LLP, Honolulu, HI;  Richard A. Guest, Native AmericanRights Fund, Washington, DC, and Carol H. Daniel, Alaskan Federation of Natives, Anchorage, AK;  Carrie K.S. Okinaga, Corporation Counsel for the City and County of Honolulu, Honolulu, HI;  Moses K.N. Haia III, Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation, Honolulu, HI;  Clayton A. Kamida, Torkildson, Katz, Fonseca, Moore & Hetherington, Honolulu, HI;  John Ishihara, Hawaii Civil Rights Commission, Honolulu, HI;  Eric K. Yamamoto, Honolulu, HI, for amici curiae.


• For Appellees:
  
• Kathleen M. Sullivan, Stanford, California;  David Schulmeister, Cades Schutte LLP, Honolulu, HI, for the defendants-appellees.