United States Ninth Circuit

An adverse employment action in a First Amendment retaliation case is an act reasonably likely to deter employees from engaging in protected speech, and retaliation could be inferred where adverse actions were taken up to eight months after such speech, thus city employees' 42 U.S.C. section 1983 claim was actionable.

Appellate Information

• Argued 07/08/2002
• Decided 02/18/2003
• Published 02/18/2003

Judges

• WILLIAM A. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge:, Before: FERGUSON, W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judges, and KING, District Judge.

Court

• United States Ninth Circuit

Counsel

• For Appellant:
  
• David C. Force, Eugene, OR, for the plaintiffs-appellants.


• For Appellees:
  
• Joseph D. Robertson, Salem, OR, for the defendants-appellees.