United States Ninth Circuit

The addition of the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag (via 1954 federal statute), and a school district policy of teacher-led daily recitation of the Pledge, with the added words included, violate the First Amendment's Establishment Clause.

Appellate Information

• Decided 06/26/2002
• Published 06/26/2002

Judges

• FERNANDEZ, Circuit Judge., Before: GOODWIN, REINHARDT and FERNANDEZ, Circuit Judges.

Court

• United States Ninth Circuit

Counsel

• For Appellant:
  
• Michael A. Newdow, Sacramento, CA, pro se.


• For Appellees:
  
• Terence John Cassidy, A. Irving Scott, Porter, Scott, Weiberg & Delehant, Kristin S. Door, Paul L. Seave, United States Attorney's Office, Frank S. Furtek, Theodore Garelis, Attorney General's Office, Sacramento, CA, Robert M. Loeb, U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, DC, for Defendants-Appellees.