Zenilton O. LEMOS v. ELECTROLUX NORTH AMERICA, INC., & another.1
As a result of a defective lawnmower manufactured by the defendant Electrolux North America, Inc. (Electrolux), the plaintiff suffered severe injuries in 2001. In 2005, he obtained a jury verdict against Electrolux of $550,000 in the Federal District Court, and thereafter brought this action against Electrolux and its captive insurer,2 Equinox Insurance Company (Equinox). He claimed that both corporations engaged in claim settlement practices in violation of G.L. c. 176D, § 3, and G.L. c. 93A.3 On cross motions for summary judgment, a judge of the Superior Court, citing Poznik v. Massachusetts Med. Professional Ins. Assn., 417 Mass. 48, 628 N.E.2d 1 (1994), and Morrison v. Toys “R” Us, Inc., 441 Mass. 451, 454 n. 1, 806 N.E.2d 388 (2004), determined that neither company was engaged in the business of insurance. He allowed the defendants' motions and denied the plaintiff's motion.
1. Facts and provisions of policy issued by Equinox. At the relevant time of the negotiations concerning the plaintiff's claim, Electrolux, the manufacturer of the lawnmower involved in the plaintiff's accident, was the parent and sole shareholder of several wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Equinox. Organized as a captive insurance company in Vermont, see note 2, supra, Equinox issued policy number G.L.040101-034 insuring “Electrolux North America, Inc. (as per Broad Named Insured Endorsement)” for the policy period April 1, 2001 to April 1, 2004. The annual premium was $16,600,0005 for “Commercial General Liability Coverage Part.” The limits of insurance were as follows:
“General Aggregate Limit (Other than Products-Completed Operations) $15,000,000
“Products-Completed Operations Aggregate Limit $15,000,000
“Personal and Advertising Injury Limit $2,000,000
“Each Occurrence Limit $2,000,000
“Fire Damage Limit-Any One Fire $2,000,000
“Medical Expense Limit-Any One Person $5,000.”
The policy insured (with the addition of endorsement no. 1):
“Electrolux North America, Inc. and AB Electrolux and all their affiliated, subsidiary, controlled or associated companies, corporations or other legal entities now existing or subsequently formed (including subsidiaries thereof).”
In addition “Who is an insured” included “executive officers and directors” when acting in “your behalf,”6 and the policy was also amended to include any vendor “with respect to the distribution or sale in the regular course of the vendor's business of [Electrolux] products” (with certain exceptions). The policy had some eighty-five endorsements adding owners, lessees, or contractors as insured with respect to liability arising out of “ ‘your work’ for that insured by or for you.”7
Coverages included “Coverage A. Bodily injury and property damage liability”; “Coverage B. Personal and advertising injury liability”; “Coverage C. Medical payments”; and “Supplementary payments-coverages A and B.”8
With respect to the coverage for bodily injury and property damage liability the policy provided in relevant part: “We will indemnify the insured for those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ to which this insurance applies. No other obligation or liability to pay sums or perform acts or services is covered unless explicitly provided for under SUPPLEMENTARY PAYMENTS-COVERAGES A AND B․ [9 ] You have the right and duty to defend any ‘suit’ seeking those damages. But: ․ (2) We may investigate and settle any claim or ‘suit’ at our discretion.”
Coverage C provides for medical payments. It contains a clause specifying that “[t]he injured person submit[ ] to examination, at our expense, by physician of our choice as often as we reasonably require.”10
The policy sets forth “Duties in The Event of Occurrence, Claim or Suit.” Those provisions include the requirement that ‘you must notify your Director of Risk Management as soon as practicable and arrange for the defense of such claim or ‘suit.’ ” That section also provides that “[n]o insureds will, except at their own cost, voluntarily make a payment, assume any obligation, or incur any expense, other than for first aid, without our consent.” The policy thus does not explicitly give the insured (Electrolux) the right unilaterally to settle claims.
Gene Heskett, the director of risk management at Electrolux and the president of Equinox, claimed in an affidavit that Equinox has no employees, only a board of directors, and that since it has never had any employees, no Equinox personnel played a role in the investigation or negotiation of the plaintiff's underlying claim. He averred that Equinox had no involvement in the investigation, negotiation or litigation of a claim. Its role is purely that of a funding vehicle for the reimbursement of Electrolux for claims that are paid by Electrolux.
As revealed in the minutes of a meeting of the board of directors of Equinox held on November 30, 2001, Heskett reported to the board that “over the last 2 years results have been moving from break-even to profitability” and that “year-end income will be less than we made last year, but still substantially profitable.”11 In answers to interrogatories addressed to Equinox, Heskett stated that premiums to be paid to Equinox are calculated on the basis of loss experience to which are added anticipated costs for administration, data processing, taxes, and other related expenses for the upcoming policy year.
2. Discussion. In reviewing the allowance of the defendants' motion for summary judgment, we examine de novo the judge's legal conclusion that Electrolux and Equinox were not engaged in the business of insurance. See Maffei v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Boston, 449 Mass. 235, 243, 867 N.E.2d 300 (2007), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1099, 128 S.Ct. 907, 169 L.Ed.2d 729 (2008).
a. Equinox. That company is registered as a captive insurance company in Vermont. The record shows that it is a for-profit entity, calculates the premiums it charges based on loss experience and costs, calls itself an insurance company, and has issued a policy that states it provides commercial general liability and other coverage. As a captive company, it provides Electrolux certain advantages over a self-insurer, see note 2, supra. See also note 11, supra. Equinox does not claim that the policy provisions are unlike those of other insurers.
What it claims is that since Equinox is a captive company, Electrolux is in effect a self-insurer, and therefore Equinox is not engaged in the business of insurance. Equinox argues that it falls within the ambit of Morrison v. Toys “R” Us, Inc., 441 Mass. 451, 806 N.E.2d 388 (Morrison ). It also claims that since it has no employees and merely reimburses Electrolux, it did not engage in any unfair practices. We reject both arguments. Toys “R” Us (Toys) was a self-insurer, that is, it did not have insurance against certain losses. Id. at 456, 806 N.E.2d 388. Toys had no contract with any other entity. As pointed out in Morrison, the prohibitions set forth in G.L. c. 176D, § 3(9), were “designed to remedy a host of possible violations in the insurance industry.” Id. at 454, 806 N.E.2d 388, quoting from Hopkins v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 434 Mass. 556, 562, 750 N.E.2d 943 (2001). Those concerns, the Morrison court held, “cannot legitimately be extended to a self-insurer such as Toys, which had no contractual obligation to settle the plaintiff's claim and is not otherwise regulated by the Commonwealth for insurance activities.” Id. at 455, 806 N.E.2d 388. The court also noted that the plaintiff “appears to concede that Toys is not ‘engaged in the business of insurance’ and, thus, not directly subject to G.L. c. 176D's regulatory scheme.” Id. at 453, 806 N.E.2d 388.
Here, in contrast, Equinox is a separate corporation regulated by the State of its incorporation, and is engaged in the business of issuing insurance policies. One of the “bedrock principles of corporate common law” is that “corporations-notwithstanding relationships between or among them-ordinarily are regarded as separate and distinct entities. See, e.g., Attorney Gen. v. M.C.K., Inc., 432 Mass. 546, 555, 736 N.E.2d 373 (2000); My Bread Baking Co. v. Cumberland Farms, Inc., 353 Mass. 614, 618, 233 N.E.2d 748 (1968).” Scott v. NG U.S. 1, Inc., 450 Mass. 760, 766, 881 N.E.2d 1125 (2008).
The case of Poznik v. Massachusetts Med. Professional Ins. Assn., 417 Mass. at 52, 628 N.E.2d 1, is of no assistance to Equinox. Not only has that case been weakened by the 1996 amendment to G.L. c. 176D, § 1(a ), St.1996, c. 313, see Wheatley v. Massachusetts Insurers Insolvency Fund, 456 Mass. 594, 608, 925 N.E.2d 9 (2010), but unlike the entity in that case, which was government-created and controlled, here Equinox was formed for business reasons, see Barrett v. Massachusetts Insurers Insolvency Fund, 412 Mass. 774, 775-776, 592 N.E.2d 1317 (1992), and has, as we have indicated, provided economic advantages to Electrolux, its parent.
In view of its separate corporate identity and the financial benefits to Electrolux of having a captive insurer rather than being a self-insurer, i.e., having no insurance, we consider Equinox, a distinct corporation issuing documents that have all the indicia of insurance policies, to be in the business of insurance. Morrison is not apposite.
More pertinent is Miller v. Risk Mgt. Foundation of the Harvard Med. Insts., Inc., 36 Mass.App.Ct. 411, 632 N.E.2d 841 (1994) (Miller ). The facts in that case were as follows: Beth Israel Hospital and other Harvard-affiliated hospitals and certain of their respective staffs were provided with medical malpractice insurance by the Controlled Risk Insurance Company (CRICO), an entity organized in the Cayman Islands. Risk Management, incorporated in Massachusetts as a charitable corporation, investigated claims asserted against the hospitals, negotiated settlements, and appointed counsel when the claims proceeded to trial. As characterized in Miller, it sought “to control or minimize the ultimate exposure of CRICO and thus of the hospitals.” Id. at 416, 632 N.E.2d 841. Both CRICO and Risk Management were owned by Harvard University and the affiliated hospitals, ibid.; thus CRICO was a captive insurer. When Miller brought suit against Risk Management for failure to effectuate a fair settlement of the Millers' claims, Risk Management argued that because it was not an insurer, no direct action could be brought against it under G.L. c. 93A, which authorizes an action against an insurance company that violates G.L. c. 176D.12
Justice Kaplan, writing for the panel, held that “Risk Management, as claims negotiator and potential settler, has been interposed between the insurer CRICO and the claimant, and nothing seems more appropriate than to apply to it the standards of fair dealing expressed in c. 176D, § 3(9).” Id. at 418, 632 N.E.2d 841. The Supreme Judicial Court in Morrison, 441 Mass. at 455, 806 N.E.2d 388, considered this a “proper[ ]” conclusion. Implicit in the Miller case, which applied the standards of c. 176D to Risk Management, is that had CRICO itself been a defendant, c. 176D would certainly have applied to it. While the court was not specifically directed to the argument made here that captive insurers should be treated as self-insurers, both this court and the Supreme Judicial Court were clearly aware that CRICO was a captive insurer and Risk Management was a wholly-owned subsidiary.
We note that the matter of the applicability of unfair trade practices to captive insurers has often been addressed by State statutes.13 Massachusetts and a number of other States do not have a special captive insurer act. The only places captive insurance companies are discussed in the Massachusetts insurance law are in the “Business Transacted with Broker-Controlled Insurer Act,” G.L. c. 175, § 174F, inserted by St.1993, c. 47, and in the “pollution liability reinsurance corporation” statute, G.L. c. 175G, § 4, inserted by St.1987, c. 650, § 2. The following definition appears in G.L. c. 175, § 174G: “All captive insurers, for the purposes of these sections one hundred and seventy-four F to one hundred and seventy-four K, inclusive, captive insurers are insurance companies owned by another organization whose exclusive purpose is to insure risks of the parent organization and affiliated companies or, in the case of groups and associations, insurance organizations, owned by the insureds, whose exclusive purpose is to insure risks to member organizations and group members and their affiliates.”14
The insurance industry is subject to extensive legislative provisions. In view of the legislative silence on the subject of the applicability of c. 176D to captive insurers, we see no reason to except Equinox from the provisions of the general insurance law. If the Legislature considers they should be treated differently, it may, of course, so provide. Since we hold that Equinox is engaged in the business of insurance, it is subject to the provisions of G.L. c. 176D, § 3(9).
Equinox also argues that it did not participate in the defense or settlement of the underlying lawsuit and therefore did not perform any actions that could constitute unfair settlement practices. In view of its extensive power to control settlements-“No insureds will, except at their own cost, voluntarily make a payment, assume any obligation, or incur any expense, other than for first aid, without our consent”-we question Equinox's attempt to escape liability on this ground. Nor do we think that Equinox, by interposing what appears to be its agent, in this case its parent, between the claimant and itself can evade liability. As pointed out in Morrison, 441 Mass. at 455-456, 806 N.E.2d 388, “The significance of the holding of the Appeals Court in the Miller case is that an insurance company cannot evade its statutory duties imposed by G.L. c. 176D by delegating its work.” In any event, the motion judge did not reach these questions, and they may be informed by additional facts. Equinox's argument that the investigation of the claim was reasonable and did not violate c. 176D is a disputed matter and hence is not subject to summary judgment. Accordingly, the judgment in favor of Equinox is reversed, and the matter is remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings.
b. Electrolux. Although under the insurance policy Electrolux has a duty to defend (and perhaps, a duty to settle, a matter not clear under the policy), under the Morrison decision, Electrolux is not in the business of insurance. It is therefore not subject to c. 176D. Accordingly, judgment in its favor is affirmed.
To summarize, the judgment in favor of Equinox is reversed, and the matter is remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The judgment in favor of Electrolux is affirmed.
So ordered.
DREBEN, J.