ACOSTA v. HILL (2007)

Bouncers physically removed Acosta from Murphy's Club, a bar in San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium.   Stadium security was notified, and two security guards approached Acosta.   She refused to show the guards identification or accompany them to the security office.   San Diego police officers then intervened.   Officer Hill told Acosta that she had been ejected from the stadium.   After he told Acosta at least three times that she would be arrested if she didn't leave the stadium, Acosta kicked a security guard and Officer Hill. Officer Hill then placed her in a carotid restraint hold.   Acosta became compliant without losing consciousness, and she was handcuffed.   Soon, however, the rumbustious Acosta began kicking again, so Officer Hill slammed her to the ground and tied her legs together.   She was then taken to the holding area by Officers Krouss and Stafford.

Acosta filed a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against the security guards, police officers and the City of San Diego, alleging various constitutional violations including unconstitutional use of deadly force under the Fourth Amendment.   The jury was given an excessive force instruction based on a reasonableness standard-but not a separate deadly force instruction.   The jury found for defendants.   Acosta appeals, arguing that the jury should have been given a separate deadly force instruction.   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007), forecloses Acosta's deadly force argument.  Scott held that there is no special Fourth Amendment standard for unconstitutional deadly force.   See id. at 1777-78.   Instead, “all that matters is whether [the police officer's] actions were reasonable.”  Id. at 1778 (emphasis added).   Here, the jury was given an excessive force instruction and found for Officer Hill;  it must therefore have determined that the officer acted reasonably.   Under Scott, that is the end of the inquiry.   The district court didn't err by refusing to give a separate deadly force instruction.

We had previously held that “[a]n excessive force instruction is not a substitute for a ․ deadly force instruction.”  Monroe v. City of Phoenix, 248 F.3d 851, 859 (9th Cir.2001).   We reached this conclusion based on the observation that “the Supreme Court ․ established a special rule concerning deadly force.”  Id. at 860 (quoting Vera Cruz v. City of Escondido, 139 F.3d 659, 661 (9th Cir.1997)).  Scott explicitly contradicts that observation.  127 S.Ct. at 1777-78.  Scott controls because it is “intervening Supreme Court authority” that is “clearly irreconcilable with our prior circuit authority.”  Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 900 (9th Cir.2003) (en banc).  Monroe's holding that an excessive force instruction based on the Fourth Amendment's reasonableness standard is not a substitute for a deadly force instruction is therefore overruled.   See Miller, 335 F.3d at 900.

Acosta's remaining arguments are addressed in the accompanying memorandum disposition.

AFFIRMED.

KOZINSKI, Circuit Judge: