VAUGHN THROUGH ESTATE ISAIFAN v. REA (2026)

OPINION

In the span of five seconds, a noncompliant suspect drew his gun and turned toward two police officers. The officers fatally shot him. The district court granted the officers qualified immunity, and we affirm.

I.

One morning, multiple callers reported to police dispatchers that a driver had backed his car into a concrete median on the highway. The driver had abandoned his car, which was partially blocking the fast lane. One caller reported that the driver was wearing a purple and gray camouflage outfit and what looked like a bulletproof vest.

A nearby officer responded to the abandoned car. Through the open driver-side door, he spotted several rifle rounds, an extended handgun magazine, and a handgun in a holster. He also found a driver's license belonging to Mohammad Jamal Isaifan. After running the car's plates, he discovered that the vehicle was registered to Isaifan, who had a listed address on Brittain Road in Akron, Ohio. The officer relayed this information to dispatch.

Officers Matthew Akers and James Rea were parked near Isaifan's address on Brittain Road. While parked, they heard dispatch describe what happened and what the responding officer found in the car. Based on those reports, Akers and Rea believed Isaifan was armed—and likely nearby. They drove down Brittain Road to see whether Isaifan was walking home from the highway. A few minutes later, they spotted a man wearing a tactical vest and purple and gray camouflage who matched Isaifan's description.

The first few moments of the officers’ interaction with Isaifan were captured on grainy surveillance footage. When he saw the officers pulling over, Isaifan jogged into a wooded, bushy area near the road and ducked out of sight. The officers then drew their weapons and followed him into the shrubs, repeatedly identifying themselves as “Akron Police Department.” R. 45, Pg. ID 421. As Isaifan came into view, the officers ordered him to raise his hands and get on the ground. Isaifan initially started to raise his hands, holding unidentified objects in both.

But he then stopped “following any commands whatsoever.” R. 46, Pg. ID 580. Despite continuous commands to keep his hands up, Isaifan lowered them. He appeared to be “cupping something larger in his hand,” which Rea initially worried was a grenade. Id. at 568–69. Isaifan then started walking toward the officers with a detached stare. When he got within arm's reach, Rea grabbed for him, but Isaifan twisted out of his grip. As they struggled, Isaifan stumbled and his vest moved up, giving Akers a clear view of a pistol on Isaifan's right hip. Akers then yelled, “Gun!” R. 45, Pg. ID 438.

At that point, the officers and Isaifan stepped behind a grove of trees, which obstructed the surveillance camera's view of the next five seconds of their confrontation. But at their depositions, the officers gave a frame-by-frame description of the missing five seconds.

One. Rea—close enough to touch Isaifan—saw him move toward his holster at his right side “real quick.” R. 46, Pg. ID 581. Akers watched Isaifan “jam[ ] his hand down on his pistol” with a “sure grip.” R. 45, Pg. ID 439.

Two. Akers saw Isaifan's feet spread into a “bladed” fighting stance. Id. at 445. In the same “half a second,” Rea noticed Isaifan take a small step, as though preparing to spin. R. 46, Pg. ID 579, 581.

Three. Akers caught a “clear shift” in Isaifan's hips and shoulders as he started turning toward the officers. R. 45, Pg. ID 440. Rea also observed Isaifan start to rotate, his hips “shift[ing] towards Officer Akers” in “one motion.” R. 46, Pg. ID 581.

Four. Akers saw the barrel of Isaifan's gun fully clear his holster. From the side, Rea watched Isaifan's arm settle, as though he had finished drawing the weapon and was holding it at his hip. At that point, Rea thought it was “100 percent clear” that Isaifan “was turning with his firearm in his hand towards Officer Akers.” Id. at 582.

Five. Isaifan turned—and both officers fired at point-blank range. Rea fired four rounds at Isaifan. Akers fired ten shots, stopping only when he could see Isaifan's hands were empty. By that point, Akers's only goal was “trying not to die [and] have Officer Rea not die.” R. 45, Pg. ID 453.

After hearing the first shot, Michael Williams, who lived across the street, rushed to his window—just in time to see the end of the shooting. All told, only 18 seconds had passed between when the officers stepped out of their car and when Williams watched Isaifan hit the ground.

Isaifan died at the scene, his gun next to him. His autopsy showed that he sustained over a dozen gunshot wounds to his front, left side, and back. Based on the autopsy report, a ballistics expert and a shooting scene reconstruction specialist testified that Isaifan's injuries matched the officers’ accounts.

Kimberly Vaughn, Isaifan's ex-wife and the administrator of his estate, sued Akers and Rea. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. She asserted that the officers violated Isaifan's Fourth Amendment rights by unreasonably detaining him and using excessive force against him. After discovery, the officers moved for summary judgment based on qualified immunity. The district court granted their motion on both claims. Vaughn timely appealed only the grant of immunity on the excessive-force claim.

II.

Vaughn maintains that the officers aren't entitled to qualified immunity because “all the shots” were an “unnecessary and excessive” use of force. Appellant's Br. at 11. We review a district court's grant of summary judgment based on qualified immunity de novo. Barton v. Martin, 949 F.3d 938, 946 (6th Cir. 2020). The officers are entitled to qualified immunity unless Vaughn establishes a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether their conduct “violated [Isaifan's] clearly established constitutional right.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009); see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Vaughn hasn't done so.

Vaughn hasn't shown that the officers’ use of force was objectively unreasonable. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989). The officers believed they were facing a heavily armed suspect who had fled the scene of an accident. When they approached him, he resisted their efforts to detain him and then reached for a weapon. As we've consistently found, officers may reasonably use deadly force against a noncompliant suspect drawing a firearm. See Puskas v. Delaware County, 56 F.4th 1088, 1096 (6th Cir. 2023) (collecting cases). In this context, Rea's and Akers's split-second choice to repeatedly use deadly force was objectively reasonable.

Start with the choice to use deadly force. Throughout the incident, the officers believed they were interacting with a suspect armed with a gun (and holding a grenade). That suspect then ignored commands to show his hands, walked menacingly toward officers, and resisted their efforts to detain him. See Chappell v. City of Cleveland, 585 F.3d 901, 904–05, 916 (6th Cir. 2009) (granting qualified immunity to officers who shot noncompliant suspect advancing on them with a knife); Thornton v. City of Columbus, 727 F. App'x 829, 830–31, 837 (6th Cir. 2018) (granting qualified immunity to officers who repeatedly shot a noncompliant suspect advancing on them with a gun). A split second later, Isaifan unholstered his firearm, gripped it, and started to turn toward the officers. See Eastep v. City of Nashville, 156 F.4th 819, 824, 829 (6th Cir. 2025) (granting qualified immunity after officers shot a suspect turning toward them while raising what they believed to be a weapon); Lemmon v. City of Akron, 768 F. App'x 410, 412–13 (6th Cir. 2019) (granting qualified immunity to officers who shot a suspect four times after he “made a quick movement” toward them). So as our caselaw makes clear, the officers’ choice to use deadly force against Isaifan—an armed suspect who refused to comply with orders while reaching for a weapon—was reasonable.

Nor was the degree of deadly force unreasonable. As the officers explained, they continued to shoot until they “perceived [Isaifan] was no longer a threat.” R. 45, Pg. ID 452. They reached that point only once they could tell “his hands were empty and there was no gun.” Id. In similar circumstances, courts have held that an officer's decision to shoot until a suspect was neutralized was reasonable. See Plumhoff v. Rickard, 572 U.S. 765, 768, 770, 134 S.Ct. 2012, 188 L.Ed.2d 1056 (2014) (granting qualified immunity to officers who fired 15 shots at a suspect fleeing in his car); Pollard v. City of Columbus, 780 F.3d 395, 398, 400 (6th Cir. 2015) (granting qualified immunity to officers who shot 80 bullets at a noncompliant suspect, 23 of which hit him); Hocker v. Pikeville City Police Dep't, 738 F.3d 150, 152–53 (6th Cir. 2013) (granting qualified immunity to officers who fired 20 shots at a defendant driving away in his car, nine of which hit him). In short, the key question for courts to ask isn't how many times an officer may pull the trigger in a dangerous situation where split-second decisions can be the difference between life and death. Rather, the question courts must ask is whether the officers stopped shooting once they knew the suspect was neutralized. See, e.g., Eastep, 156 F.4th at 831. And here, the officers stopped shooting when the suspect was neutralized. So neither the officers’ use of deadly force nor the number of bullets fired was unreasonable.

In response, Vaughn argues that three sources of evidence create material factual disputes about whether the officers’ use of force was excessive. None does.

First, Vaughn argues that the surveillance footage creates a genuine dispute of material fact because it shows the officers shooting Isaifan as he runs away. But the footage doesn't show that. A grove of trees and a pole obstruct the key moment when Isaifan unholstered his gun and turned toward the officers. So, as the district court concluded, a jury couldn't use the surveillance footage to discern whether Isaifan was fleeing at the time of the shooting. See Feagin v. Mansfield Police Dep't, 155 F.4th 595, 601 (6th Cir. 2025). The grainy, partially obstructed footage doesn't create a triable factual issue.

Second, Vaughn asserts that Williams's eyewitness testimony creates a genuine dispute about whether Isaifan was fleeing when the officers shot him. But the reasonableness of the officers’ use of force here depends on the events leading up to the shooting. And Williams admits that he looked out his window only after hearing the first shots. So Williams's testimony about the moments after the shooting started can't create a factual dispute about whether Isaifan disobeyed commands, unholstered his weapon, and started to turn toward the officers before the shooting. And that lead-up is what matters to Vaughn's excessive-force claim.

Aside from Williams's narrative, Vaughn doesn't advance any evidence to cast doubt on the officers’ deposition testimony about the shooting. And at summary judgment, Vaughn can't simply “hope that the trier of fact will disbelieve the [officers’] denial of a disputed fact,” but must instead “make an affirmative showing with proper evidence.” Alexander v. CareSource, 576 F.3d 551, 558 (6th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). Williams's account of the aftermath of the shooting doesn't affirmatively contradict the officers’ testimony about the lead-up to it. Since the officers’ description was uncontested, the district court didn't err by treating it as fact.

Third, Vaughn claims that the autopsy report creates a genuine dispute about whether Isaifan turned toward the officers because it shows Isaifan was primarily shot in the back. Although the majority of shots hit Isaifan's back, the autopsy also confirms that Isaifan was shot six times in the front. The medical examiner later stated that the pattern of wounds supported the “reasonable assumption ․ that Isaifan was rotating during the actual shooting.” R. 42-3, Pg. ID 254. The government's forensic experts lent additional—and uncontested—support to this analysis. As the government's ballistics expert stated, the “various shot paths ․ coming from both front and back” showed that Isaifan was “turning” or “falling” during the shooting. R. 42-6, Pg. ID 329. And based on multiple CGI reconstructions, the government's crime-scene specialist likewise agreed that the evidence was “consistent with the officers[’] testimony” that Isaifan was rotating toward them. R. 42-7, Pg. ID 360. Far from creating a genuine dispute, the autopsy and forensic evidence corroborate the officers’ narrative of the shooting.

All told, Vaughn hasn't established any genuine dispute of material fact about the shooting. Based on this record, a reasonable juror couldn't find that the officers violated Isaifan's Fourth Amendment rights. The officers are thus entitled to qualified immunity.

* * *

We affirm.

THAPAR, Circuit Judge.