PEOPLE v. ALVAREZ (2008)

The primary issue on this appeal from defendant's conviction of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree is whether the trial court's exclusion of defendant's girlfriend from the courtroom during the trial testimony of two undercover police officers violated his Sixth Amendment right to a public trial.   Two corollary issues are whether the court abused its discretion in reopening the Hinton hearing after it had initially ruled that the girlfriend would not be excluded, and whether the court properly allowed the officers to testify under assumed names.   Defendant also claims error in the trial court's denial of a jury charge on a lesser included offense.

We conclude that the court's initial Hinton ruling declining to exclude the girlfriend during the undercovers' testimony was erroneous, and that the court properly exercised its discretion in reopening the Hinton hearing to correct its error and to receive additional testimony regarding the particularized threat posed by the girlfriend.   As defendant's remaining arguments lack merit, we affirm defendant's conviction.

Hinton Hearing

Prior to commencement of the trial, the People sought to exclude all members of the public from the courtroom during the testimony of two undercover officers, with the exception of defendant's family members, and further requested that the officers be permitted to identify themselves during their testimony by their police department shield number.   In arguing for closure, the prosecutor noted that defendant's girlfriend lived in the area of the drug sale, which raises an “additional concern.”

The court ordered a Hinton hearing (31 N.Y.2d 71, 334 N.Y.S.2d 885, 286 N.E.2d 265 [1972], cert. denied 410 U.S. 911, 93 S.Ct. 970, 35 L.Ed.2d 273 [1973] ), at which undercover officer (UC) # 6813 testified that he was assigned to the 25th Precinct in Manhattan and had participated in approximately 250 narcotics purchases.   He further testified that he intended to work as an undercover in the same neighborhood where the charged sale occurred during the week of the upcoming trial, and that he had also worked there during the previous week on a long-term investigation.   He noted that several subjects of that investigation were still at large.

UC # 6813 testified that on days he had to testify in court, he took precautions to protect his identity, such as using side entrances to the courthouse, appearing in plainclothes and never testifying under his own name.   He stated that he had been threatened by subjects on multiple occasions, and believed that testifying in his own name would jeopardize his and his family's safety, noting that an old friend had once located him by an Internet search.   On cross-examination, UC # 6813 conceded that he had never been threatened by this defendant nor anyone associated with him.

At the conclusion of the testimony, the prosecutor asked that the general public be excluded from the courtroom, but that he would not object to the presence of defendant's family, unless those family members lived in the vicinity of the instant drug sale.   The prosecutor noted that defendant's girlfriend, who was present in the courtroom, lived with defendant in the neighborhood of the sale and “we do not want her to be identifying the undercovers when they're out doing their job.”

In opposition, defense counsel argued that there was no evidence of any particularized threats from either defendant or anyone associated with him, even while he was out on bail.   Counsel opposed the exclusion of defendant's girlfriend, citing the lack of any evidence of a particularized threat involving her.   Counsel further requested that if the undercover officer was permitted to testify anonymously, he do so under an assumed name, instead of a shield number.

In its initial Hinton ruling, the court partially granted the People's application.   It ruled that a sufficient showing had been made that “disclosure of the detective's name and having him testify publicly as an undercover would likely prejudice his effectiveness and could very well jeopardize his family's safety.”   Therefore, the court announced that it would position a court officer outside the door to the courtroom, and in the event anyone wished to enter during the undercover's testimony, the officer would advise the court, which would then make a ruling.   However, the court denied the People's request to exclude defendant's girlfriend, stating that the People had failed to make the “stronger showing” that is required to exclude family members.   Finally, the court ruled that the undercover would be permitted to testify under an assumed name.

The next day, the prosecutor moved to reopen the Hinton hearing with respect to the non-exclusion of the girlfriend.   The prosecutor informed the court that he had become aware of “specific information” indicating that the girlfriend was involved in the drug trade.   Specifically, UC # 6813 had reported to him that during the drug transaction charged in this case, defendant had told the undercover that his girlfriend had obtained some cocaine and then “cut him out of the deal.”   In response to the court's inquiry as to why this evidence was not presented at the initial Hinton hearing, the prosecutor responded that he did not realize its significance because defendant's statement did not mention the girlfriend by name, and that he was “focusing on the statement as it relate[d] to the defendant and not focusing as to who the other person was.”   In addition, the prosecutor submitted case law to the court, holding that the exclusion of family members was justified based on their residence in the area of the crime and the ongoing undercover operations.

Defense counsel objected to the reopening of the hearing, arguing that the People had ample opportunity at the first hearing to bring out this information, but failed to do so, and that they were merely requesting a “mulligan,” after the court had ruled in defendant's favor.   Counsel further noted that it was not clear from defendant's alleged statement that he was referring to his present girlfriend, who was in court that day.   The court ruled that the People had made a sufficient showing to reopen the hearing to accept further testimony on the issue of whether a particularized fear exists of testifying in the girlfriend's presence.¹

At the reopened Hinton hearing, UC # 6813 testified that defendant had told him that he and his girlfriend had purchased cocaine in Washington Heights and that she had “cut him out of the deal.”   UC # 6813 understood this to mean that the girlfriend was involved in selling drugs.   He further testified that because he understood that the girlfriend lived in the same area as the sale, an area where he continued to work as an undercover, he was concerned that she might be able to point him out as a police officer.

After the testimony, the prosecutor rested on the record and defense counsel argued that the court should “adhere to its original ruling.”   Counsel noted that the additional evidence was equivocal at best, since it did not name the girlfriend and didn't explicitly state that the girlfriend sold drugs.   He also attacked the credibility of the evidence, noting that the undercover had never mentioned this alleged statement by defendant in his prior testimony or in the police reports.

In its second Hinton ruling, the court stated that the People have made “a particularized showing of concern about the presence of the defendant's girlfriend to warrant her exclusion during the testimony of undercover 6813.”   The court found that because the girlfriend lived in the area where the charged sale occurred and where the undercover was continuing to work, the undercover's safety and effectiveness could be compromised if she was permitted to observe his testimony in court.

A few days later, a third Hinton hearing was held for UC # 5109, who acted as the “ghost” undercover in this case.   UC # 5109 testified similarly to UC # 6813 as to the risk of testifying in his own name, and his fear of testifying in front of defendant's girlfriend.   Defense counsel opposed, but noted that the issue was likely moot, since the girlfriend had been hospitalized and was unable to come to court on the day of UC # 5109's scheduled testimony.   The court ruled that it would follow the same procedure for closing the courtroom as utilized for UC # 6813, and also that UC # 5109 could also testify under an assumed name.

The Trial

Undercover # 6813's trial testimony established that on November 11, 2004, he approached defendant at the corner of 131st Street and Fifth Avenue and asked him for “krills,” a street term for crack cocaine.   Defendant asked how many the undercover wanted, and directed him to give him the money and then walk with him.   UC # 6813 handed defendant $10 in prerecorded buy money and walked with him to 2101 Madison Avenue, which is between 132nd and 133rd Street.   Defendant led the undercover into the lobby and then went upstairs.   Defendant returned a few minutes later and handed UC # 6813 a plastic twist containing a substance that later proved to be cocaine.

Subsequently, the two walked to 2114 Fifth Avenue, where defendant said he lived.   During the walk, defendant made the statement about his girlfriend cutting him out of a drug deal, and also said that the next time the undercover wanted to buy drugs, he should come to 2114 Fifth Avenue and ask for “Cuba,” which was defendant's nickname.   Shortly thereafter, as he was leaving the scene, the undercover observed the back up team arrest defendant, who had no pre-recorded buy money or drugs on his person.

Jury Charge

At the close of the evidence, defense counsel requested that the court charge the jury on the agency defense.   The People opposed the application, but alternatively argued that if the jury was given an agency charge, the court should also submit the charge of criminal possession of controlled substance in the seventh degree as a lesser included offense of the third-degree sale charge.   The prosecutor explained that a reasonable view of the evidence existed that defendant committed the crime of possession, but not sale, since once the agency defense was charged, the jury would be entitled to conclude that even though he did not act as a seller, defendant indisputably possessed the cocaine that he delivered to the undercover, albeit in his capacity as agent of the buyer.

Defense counsel initially argued that the submission of the lesser included offense might confuse the jury, but nevertheless agreed with the prosecutor that it was a lesser included offense under People v. Johnson, 45 N.Y.2d 546, 410 N.Y.S.2d 569, 382 N.E.2d 1345 [1978].   In the end, defense counsel did not affirmatively join the prosecutor's request to charge;  nor did he oppose it (“I do not believe there's not a basis [for the lesser included charge]”).

Ultimately, the court ruled that it would grant the agency charge, but deny the lesser included charge.   While conceding that under Johnson the possession charge was a lesser included of the third-degree sale charge, it nevertheless found that there was no reasonable view of the evidence that defendant merely possessed the cocaine, citing People v. Scarborough, 49 N.Y.2d 364, 426 N.Y.S.2d 224, 402 N.E.2d 1127 [1980], since such a finding would require the jury to indiscriminately reject and accept portions of the undercover's testimony.

Discussion

 Defendant raises four arguments in support of his appeal:  1) the trial court abused its discretion in granting the People's request to reopen the Hinton hearing after a decision on the merits;  2) the exclusion of defendant's girlfriend during a portion of the trial violated his Sixth Amendment right to a public trial;  3) the court violated defendant's confrontation rights by permitting the officers to testify under assumed names;  and 4) the court committed reversible error in refusing to submit to the jury the lesser included charge of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the seventh degree.

 We address the issue of courtroom closure first.   A criminal defendant's right to a public trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and has been described by the Court of Appeals as “fundamental but not absolute” (People v. Kin Kan, 78 N.Y.2d 54, 57, 571 N.Y.S.2d 436, 574 N.E.2d 1042 [1991] ).   Thus, while it is undisputed that trial courts “possess ‘inherent discretionary power’ to exclude members of the public from the courtroom” (People v. Ramos, 90 N.Y.2d 490, 497, 662 N.Y.S.2d 739, 685 N.E.2d 492 [1997], cert. denied Ayala v. New York, 522 U.S. 1002, 118 S.Ct. 574, 139 L.Ed.2d 413 [1997], quoting Hinton, 31 N.Y.2d at 75, 334 N.Y.S.2d 885, 286 N.E.2d 265), such power should be exercised “sparingly and only after balancing the competing interests ‘with special care’ ” (People v. Nieves, 90 N.Y.2d 426, 429, 660 N.Y.S.2d 858, 683 N.E.2d 764 [1997], quoting Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 45, 104 S.Ct. 2210, 81 L.Ed.2d 31 [1984] ).

In Waller, the United States Supreme Court set out a four-prong test for determining whether a courtroom closure violates a criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment rights:  1) the party seeking closure must advance an overriding interest that is likely to be prejudiced, 2) the closure must be no broader than necessary to protect that interest, 3) the trial court must consider reasonable alternatives to closing the proceeding, and 4) it must make findings adequate to support closure (id. at 48, 104 S.Ct. 2210).   New York courts have adopted this standard (see People v. Ramos, 90 N.Y.2d at 497, 662 N.Y.S.2d 739, 685 N.E.2d 492;  People v. Martinez, 82 N.Y.2d 436, 604 N.Y.S.2d 932, 624 N.E.2d 1027 [1993];  People v. Kin Kan, 78 N.Y.2d at 57-58, 571 N.Y.S.2d 436, 574 N.E.2d 1042).

 The Court of Appeals has also recognized that a criminal defendant's interest in having the courtroom open to members of his or her family is a compelling one (Kin Kan at 59, 571 N.Y.S.2d 436, 574 N.E.2d 1042), which necessitates even more careful consideration of the Waller factors (see Nieves at 430, 660 N.Y.S.2d 858, 683 N.E.2d 764 [where trial court is made aware that defendant would like to have family present, exclusion of those individuals must be necessary to protect the interest advanced by the People in support of the closure] ).   Thus, in order to establish that closure is no broader than necessary with respect to a defendant's family member, the prosecution must show a “substantial probability” that the undercover officer's safety would be jeopardized by the presence of the family member during the undercover's testimony (Nieves at 431, 660 N.Y.S.2d 858, 683 N.E.2d 764), and the threat must be particularized as to each family member sought to be excluded see Nieves at 430-431, 660 N.Y.S.2d 858, 683 N.E.2d 764;  People v. Gutierez, 86 N.Y.2d 817, 818, 633 N.Y.S.2d 470, 657 N.E.2d 491 [1995];  People v. Garcia, 271 A.D.2d 81, 84, 710 N.Y.S.2d 345 [2000], affd. 95 N.Y.2d 946, 727 N.Y.S.2d 1, 750 N.E.2d 1049 [2000].

Because it is relevant to the issue of the propriety of reopening the Hinton hearing, we examine the court's initial Hinton ruling first.   As indicated, UC # 6813's testimony established his involvement in over 200 narcotics purchases, that he intended to work as an undercover officer in the neighborhood of the instant crime during the week of the trial, that he had several subjects still at large, that he had taken precautions in entering the courthouse, and that he had been threatened by subjects in the past.   He told the court that testifying in his own name would jeopardize his and his family's safety.   Finally, although the undercover did not expressly state his fear of testifying in front of defendant's girlfriend, the record makes clear that she was a specific focus of the prosecution's application because she lived in the neighborhood where the undercovers were actively operating.

In light of the above showing, the motion court should have followed well-established precedent holding that the exclusion of a defendant's family member from the courtroom will be justified when such family member lives in the area where the officer is actively engaged in undercover operations.   Indeed, appellate courts have uniformly held that such a showing will establish a substantial probability that an overriding interest will be prejudiced by the undercover's open-court testimony (see People v. Goris, 305 A.D.2d 178, 179, 758 N.Y.S.2d 65 [2003], lv. denied 100 N.Y.2d 620, 767 N.Y.S.2d 404, 799 N.E.2d 627 [2003];  People v. Blake, 284 A.D.2d 339, 726 N.Y.S.2d 433 [2001], lv. denied 96 N.Y.2d 916, 732 N.Y.S.2d 632, 758 N.E.2d 658 [2001];  People v. Powell, 246 A.D.2d 494, 667 N.Y.S.2d 988 [1998], lv. denied 92 N.Y.2d 859, 677 N.Y.S.2d 89, 699 N.E.2d 449 [1998];  People v. Feliciano, 228 A.D.2d 519, 644 N.Y.S.2d 307 [1996], lv. denied 88 N.Y.2d 1068, 651 N.Y.S.2d 412, 674 N.E.2d 342 [1996] ).

Plainly, because both undercovers continued to work in an undercover capacity in the same area where the sale occurred and defendant's girlfriend lived, a credible and legitimate threat existed that the girlfriend might spot the officers on the street during their operations and recognize them from court (see People v. Ramos, 90 N.Y.2d at 499, 662 N.Y.S.2d 739, 685 N.E.2d 492 [prosecution met burden of showing prejudice to overriding interest where, among other things, officers expected to resume undercover operations in area of arrest within a day and took precautions in entering courthouse] ).   Obviously, exposing their identities in this manner could have dangerous consequences, and such danger cannot be overlooked merely because neither defendant nor any of his associates had personally threatened either officer in the past.

The cases cited by defendant in support of his argument that a family member's residence in the area of ongoing undercover operations is insufficient to justify closure are distinguishable.   Although in People v. Nieves, 90 N.Y.2d at 430-431, 660 N.Y.S.2d 858, 683 N.E.2d 764 and People v. Gutierez, 86 N.Y.2d at 818, 633 N.Y.S.2d 470, 657 N.E.2d 491, the Court of Appeals held that the trial courts' exclusion of those defendants' family members was unconstitutionally overbroad, critical to each of these holdings was the fact that neither undercover officer had expressed any particularized fear of testifying in the presence of the defendants' family members (see also People v. Kin Kan, 78 N.Y.2d 54, 571 N.Y.S.2d 436, 574 N.E.2d 1042, supra;  see also People v. Garcia, 271 A.D.2d at 82, 710 N.Y.S.2d 345 [courtroom closure overbroad where court stated it would grant or deny Hinton application “in toto,” without consideration of specific relatives];  People v. Green, 215 A.D.2d 309, 627 N.Y.S.2d 21 [1995] [prosecution failed to establish officer's concern over defendant's family or that he continued to work as an undercover in that area] ).

Here, in contrast, the prosecutor's Hinton application was specifically directed at the exclusion of the defendant's girlfriend from the outset, and the record clearly shows that the basis for the prosecution's concern was her residence in the specific area of continuing undercover operations (Ramos, 90 N.Y.2d at 499, 662 N.Y.S.2d 739, 685 N.E.2d 492;  compare Nieves at 431, 660 N.Y.S.2d 858, 683 N.E.2d 764 [closure overbroad where area of defendant's residence was not discussed at Hinton hearing and played no part in court's decision];  People v. Cooper, 228 A.D.2d 297, 644 N.Y.S.2d 54 [1996], lv. dismissed 89 N.Y.2d 863, 653 N.Y.S.2d 286, 675 N.E.2d 1239 [1996] [exclusion of mother of defendant's fiancé impermissibly broad where no fear of family stated and no evidence that mother resided in area] ).

 Even assuming, without deciding, that the trial court's erroneous Hinton ruling is not reviewable on this appeal by defendant (see People v. LaFontaine, 92 N.Y.2d 470, 473-474, 682 N.Y.S.2d 671, 705 N.E.2d 663 [1998];  CPL 470.15[1] ), it is relevant to the court's discretionary determination to reopen the Hinton hearing.   It is defendant's position that under People v. Havelka, 45 N.Y.2d 636, 412 N.Y.S.2d 345, 384 N.E.2d 1269 [1978], the prosecution is afforded only one full opportunity to present evidence of a dispositive issue at a pretrial hearing, and that the court violated this rule by allowing the prosecution a second chance to introduce evidence of the girlfriend's involvement in the drug trade, despite its availability at the time of the initial Hinton hearing.   We disagree for two reasons.

First, we do not find Havelka applicable under the circumstances of this case.   In People v. Malinsky, 15 N.Y.2d 86, 95-96, 262 N.Y.S.2d 65, 209 N.E.2d 694 [1965], the Court of Appeals established the rule that although the prosecution is generally entitled to a single opportunity to meet its evidentiary burden at a pretrial suppression hearing, where an error of law is committed by the hearing court which directly causes the prosecutor to fail to offer potentially critical evidence, a rehearing may be ordered.   The suppression court in Malinsky had denied disclosure of a crucial informant's identity, and then denied the defendant's motion to suppress.   After defendant was convicted, he argued on appeal that the suppression court erred by not requiring the prosecution to disclose the identity of the informant.   Although the Court of Appeals agreed with the defendant that denial of disclosure of the informant's identity was erroneous, it did not reverse, but instead held the appeal in abeyance and remanded for a rehearing.   In the Malinsky Court's view, the prosecution was entitled to at least one opportunity “to prove that there was sufficient evidence of probable cause apart from the communication of the informer” (15 N.Y.2d at 96, 262 N.Y.S.2d 65, 209 N.E.2d 694).

The Court of Appeals has applied the Malinsky rule in subsequent cases to permit a rehearing on a suppression motion where an error of law is committed by the hearing court that causes the People to fail to offer an alternative justification for the search or seizure (see People v. Crandall, 69 N.Y.2d 459, 466-467, 515 N.Y.S.2d 745, 508 N.E.2d 657 [1987] [Appellate Division properly remitted case to hearing court where suppression court's erroneous ruling upholding “oral search warrant” deprived People of opportunity to establish alternative justification];  People v. Payton, 51 N.Y.2d 169, 177, 433 N.Y.S.2d 61, 412 N.E.2d 1288 [1980] [court's erroneous ruling upholding arrest based on then-valid statute required remand for hearing court to provide People with opportunity to establish exigent circumstances];  People v. Green, 33 N.Y.2d 496, 354 N.Y.S.2d 933, 310 N.E.2d 533 [1974] [proper to remit for rehearing to consider search incident to lawful arrest justification, after hearing court erroneously upheld search that went beyond scope of valid search warrant] ).

In Havelka, however, the Court distinguished the Malinsky line of cases on the ground that “[n]o erroneous ruling interfered in any way with the People's opportunity to advance evidence to justify the challenged police activity” (id. at 644, 412 N.Y.S.2d 345, 384 N.E.2d 1269).   Although the suppression court's ruling in Havelka was, in fact, erroneous, the Court apparently found that the prosecution was not impeded from providing alternative justifications, since two witnesses were available but not called by the prosecution.

Assuming that the rules regarding the reopening of suppression hearings established in Malinsky and Havelka are applicable to Hinton hearings, there was clear judicial error in this case that justified the prosecution's request to reopen the hearing to introduce further evidence.   As the prosecutor argued in his request to reopen, established case law permitted the exclusion of defendant's family member if such person lived in the area of ongoing undercover operations (see People v. Ramos, 90 N.Y.2d at 499, 662 N.Y.S.2d 739, 685 N.E.2d 492;  People v. Goris, 305 A.D.2d at 179, 758 N.Y.S.2d 65;   People v. Blake, 284 A.D.2d at 339-340, 726 N.Y.S.2d 433).   In fact, the motion court essentially conceded its earlier error by stating that “whether she is a drug dealer or not, [defendant's girlfriend] pose[d] a particularized threat to [the undercover's] future effectiveness” since she lived with defendant in the area where the undercover continued to work.²  Accordingly, because well-established precedent eliminated any incentive to provide further evidence justifying the girlfriend's exclusion (see People v. Crandall, 69 N.Y.2d at 466, 515 N.Y.S.2d 745, 508 N.E.2d 657), and the court's judicial error essentially prevented the People from satisfying their burden at the initial Hinton hearing, the motion court providently exercised its discretion in reopening the hearing and reconsidering its ruling.

A second reason supporting the trial court's discretionary determination to reopen the Hinton hearing may be found in the distinct purposes of suppression and Hinton hearings.   At a suppression hearing, the prosecution generally undertakes to meet its burden of demonstrating the propriety of the police conduct by eliciting testimony from police witnesses regarding the facts underlying a search or seizure, an identification procedure or the taking of an oral or written statement.   Most critically, the testimony usually consists of past facts relating to the police investigation, which often have occurred months before the hearing and which are frequently documented in police reports.   As such, the evidence offered at a suppression hearing is usually known to the prosecution well in advance of the hearing, and is not generally subject to change.

In contrast, the purpose of Hinton hearings is not to uncover past facts regarding a police investigation in order to determine the admissibility of trial evidence.   Instead, the evidence offered by the prosecution at a Hinton hearing generally relates to existing safety risks posed to undercover officers by virtue of their imminent open-court testimony.   By its very nature, the Hinton inquiry is a more fluid one, requiring the prosecution to demonstrate actual or potential threats to the officers' safety, a nexus between those threats and their in-court testimony, and, with respect to the exclusion of family members, a particularized threat posed by each individual family member.   This analysis necessarily requires a continuing and ongoing assessment of the circumstances surrounding the assignments of the undercovers, their frequency of testifying at the courthouse and a contemporaneous evaluation of those present in the courtroom at the time of the Hinton hearing and trial.   Viewed in this light, the Hinton inquiry must be treated with significantly more flexibility and wider discretion in considering a party's request to reopen the proceedings to consider additional argument or proof.

The need for greater flexibility and discretion in Hinton hearings is aptly illustrated in the circumstances of this case.   Here, the court's error of law might have placed the undercover officers' safety at significant risk, had the court not exercised its discretion in reconsidering its apparent error and hearing additional evidence uncovered by the People.   While defendant, citing Havelka, argues that permitting the People “a second chance to succeed where once they had tried and failed” (People v. Bryant, 37 N.Y.2d 208, 211, 371 N.Y.S.2d 881, 333 N.E.2d 161 [1975] ), would encourage abuse in the form of tailored testimony “to fit the court's established requirements” (Havelka at 643, 412 N.Y.S.2d 345, 384 N.E.2d 1269), we believe that the hearing court was more than up to the task of evaluating the risk of manufactured testimony.   Here, the prosecutor stated that he had been aware of defendant's statement about his girlfriend's involvement in the drug trade prior to the initial hearing, but did not realize its significance to the Hinton issue until after such hearing was concluded.   In our view, it was within the hearing court's broad discretion to consider the credibility of this assertion, and we find no abuse in this instance in permitting additional evidence on the closure issue.   We note that a Hinton ruling based on an incomplete record could have immediate and dangerous consequences regarding the safety of undercover police witnesses.   Accordingly, broad discretion should be afforded trial courts in this highly sensitive area.

 We also reject defendant's argument that his confrontation rights were violated by the trial court's ruling permitting the undercovers to testify under assumed names.   Applying the three-prong analysis enunciated in People v. Stanard, 42 N.Y.2d 74, 396 N.Y.S.2d 825, 365 N.E.2d 857 [1997], cert. denied, 434 U.S. 986, 98 S.Ct. 615, 54 L.Ed.2d 481 [1977], and reaffirmed in People v. Waver, 3 N.Y.3d 748, 788 N.Y.S.2d 630, 821 N.E.2d 934 [2004], the court correctly ruled that the prosecution's evidence at the initial Hinton hearing was sufficient to establish that the officers should be excused from disclosing their names due to safety concerns, and that such concerns outweighed defendant's interest in learning the names of the officers (see People v. Smith, 33 A.D.3d 462, 463-464, 823 N.Y.S.2d 123 [2006], lv. denied 8 N.Y.3d 849, 830 N.Y.S.2d 708, 862 N.E.2d 800 [2007];  People v. Henderson, 22 A.D.3d 311, 312, 804 N.Y.S.2d 288 [2005], lv. denied 6 N.Y.3d 813, 812 N.Y.S.2d 453, 845 N.E.2d 1284 [2006] ).

Defendant's final argument that the trial court committed reversible error in refusing to submit to the jury the lesser included offense of seventh-degree possession is unpreserved for appellate review, and we decline to review in the interests of justice (CPL 470.05[2] ).   As mentioned, defense counsel never requested the charge down, and even suggested that such an instruction might confuse the jury.   By failing to request that the court charge the lesser included or by failing to object to its refusal to charge, defendant failed to preserve an issue of law for this Court's review (People v. Buckley, 75 N.Y.2d 843, 846, 552 N.Y.S.2d 912, 552 N.E.2d 160 [1990];  People v. Ware, 303 A.D.2d 173, 174, 760 N.Y.S.2d 1 [2003], lv. denied 100 N.Y.2d 543, 763 N.Y.S.2d 9, 793 N.E.2d 423 [2003];  People v. Lee, 176 A.D.2d 966, 575 N.Y.S.2d 572 [1991], lv. denied 79 N.Y.2d 859, 580 N.Y.S.2d 731, 588 N.E.2d 766 [1992];  see also People v. Purcell, 103 A.D.2d 938, 939, 479 N.Y.S.2d 768 [1984] ).

 Nor did the prosecutor's request that the court charge the lesser included offense suffice to preserve the issue on defendant's behalf (People v. Buckley, 75 N.Y.2d at 846, 552 N.Y.S.2d 912, 552 N.E.2d 160).   Although a 1986 amendment to CPL 470.05(2) broadened the circumstances under which an error of law is preserved for appellate review where, “in response to a protest by a party, the court expressly decided the question on appeal” (L. 1986, ch. 798, § 1), this amendment merely “eliminate[d] the need for a nexus between the ground advanced for the protest and the rationale for the ruling,” but “does not relieve counsel from the duty of making a protest to preserve the issue of law” (Preiser, Practice Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of N.Y., Book 11A, CPL 470.05, at 11;  see also People v. Colon, 46 A.D.3d 260, 263, 847 N.Y.S.2d 44 [2007] [“(t)o read out of CPL 470.05(2) the requirements of a timely ‘protest by a party’ and a causal nexus between the protest and the question ‘expressly decided’ would violate a fundamental canon of construction”] ).   Thus, in order to preserve a question of law regarding the failure of the trial court to charge a lesser included offense, a defendant must individually request the charge or protest the failure to give it, and cannot rely on the People or a codefendant to do so on his or her behalf (Buckley at 846, 552 N.Y.S.2d 912, 552 N.E.2d 160 [“(f)or tactical reasons codefendants might take different positions on the desirability of various instructions to the jury and each must specify his or her objection to preserve legal error with respect to lesser included offenses”] ).   We note that, here, defense counsel appeared to make the tactical decision to rely on the agency defense in order to gain an outright acquittal of the sale charge, the only charge submitted to the jury.

 Even if the issue was preserved, we would find no reversible error in the refusal to charge the lesser included.   In People v. Glover, 57 N.Y.2d 61, 453 N.Y.S.2d 660, 439 N.E.2d 376 [1982], the Court of Appeals established a two-pronged test for determining whether a defendant is entitled to a lesser included offense charge.  “First, defendant must establish that it is impossible to commit the greater crime without concomitantly committing the lesser offense by the same conduct.   Secondly, there must be a reasonable view of the evidence to support a finding that the defendant committed the lesser offense but not the greater” (People v. Van Norstrand, 85 N.Y.2d 131, 135, 623 N.Y.S.2d 767, 647 N.E.2d 1275 [1995];  see Glover at 63, 453 N.Y.S.2d 660, 439 N.E.2d 376;  CPL 300.50[1] ).   In applying this second prong, we must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the defendant and be guided by the principle that a jury is free “to accept or reject part or all of the defense or prosecution's evidence” (People v. Johnson, 45 N.Y.2d at 550, 410 N.Y.S.2d 569, 382 N.E.2d 1345, quoting People v. Henderson, 41 N.Y.2d 233, 236, 391 N.Y.S.2d 563, 359 N.E.2d 1357 [1976] ).

Assuming, without deciding, that the first prong of Glover was met,³ the court properly denied the request to charge the lesser included offense because there is no reasonable view of the undercover's testimony in this case that defendant unlawfully possessed narcotics, but did not sell them.   Under established Court of Appeals precedent,

“where proof of guilt of the greater and lesser offenses is found essentially in the testimony of one witness, a charge-down to the lesser offense is appropriate where it would be reasonable for the jury to reject a portion or segment of the witness' testimony establishing the greater offense, while crediting that portion of the testimony establishing the lesser crime” (People v. Negron, 91 N.Y.2d 788, 792, 676 N.Y.S.2d 520, 699 N.E.2d 32 [1998] ).

Here, however, there was no rational basis to reject the undercover's testimony that he and defendant negotiated and consummated a sale of a “twist” of cocaine, while simultaneously accepting the same officer's testimony that defendant possessed the cocaine that he hand-delivered to the officer.   The integrated testimony of the undercover was either true or it was not;  a partial credit is not sustainable on the facts of this case. (see id.;   see also People v. Scarborough, 49 N.Y.2d at 371-373, 426 N.Y.S.2d 224, 402 N.E.2d 1127).

Defendant's argument that a reasonable view of the evidence exists that he possessed, but did not sell, drugs rests on the agency defense.   He contends that once the court determined that a reasonable view of the evidence exists that defendant was acting solely as an agent of the undercover-buyer, a corresponding reasonable view of the evidence would exist that defendant possessed the narcotics solely in this capacity as agent, and not as a drug seller dispensing his wares (see e.g. People v. Carr, 41 N.Y.2d 847, 848, 362 N.E.2d 259 [1977] ).

Although the argument has some facial appeal, it is effectively refuted by the overwhelming evidence that defendant was acting as a drug seller in this case.   The undercover's testimony showed that defendant exhibited salesmanlike behavior by asking the undercover how many “krills” the undercover wanted and accepting $10 of prerecorded buy money from him.   Then, defendant brought the undercover into a building from which he obtained drugs, and consummated the sale in a hand-to-hand transaction.   Finally, defendant subsequently engaged the undercover in a conversation about his and his girlfriend's drug dealing, and invited him to return for more drugs.

Although the trial court concluded that a reasonable view of agency existed, we find that the defense was barely supportable under the facts of this case and was properly rejected by the jury that considered it (see People v. Ortiz, 76 N.Y.2d 446, 449-450, 560 N.Y.S.2d 186, 560 N.E.2d 162 [1990] ).   The fact that defendant appeared to directly profit from the sale and discussed other drug dealings with the undercover provided compelling evidence that this was not a favor for a buyer, but rather a commercial transaction (see People v. Herring, 83 N.Y.2d 780, 782-783, 610 N.Y.S.2d 949, 632 N.E.2d 1272 [1994];  People v. Chong, 45 N.Y.2d 64, 75, 407 N.Y.S.2d 674, 379 N.E.2d 200 [1978], cert. denied 439 U.S. 935, 99 S.Ct. 330, 58 L.Ed.2d 331 [1978] ).   In light of the weak agency defense and the substantial evidence that defendant was acting as a drug seller, the court properly denied the prosecutor's request to charge the lesser included offense of possession in the seventh degree (People v. Negron, 91 N.Y.2d at 793-794, 676 N.Y.S.2d 520, 699 N.E.2d 32).

In any event, even if the failure to charge down constituted error, such error was harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence of defendant's guilt (People v. Gray, 232 A.D.2d 179, 179-180, 647 N.Y.S.2d 759 [1996], lv. denied 89 N.Y.2d 1093, 660 N.Y.S.2d 387, 682 N.E.2d 988 [1997];  see also People v. Jones, 3 N.Y.3d 491, 497, 788 N.Y.S.2d 651, 821 N.E.2d 955 [2004] [overwhelming evidence disproved justification defense, and there is no reasonable possibility that the verdict would have been different had the court given the requested instruction on the home exception to the duty to retreat] ).

Accordingly, the judgment of the Supreme Court, New York County (Marcy L. Kahn, J.), rendered August 30, 2005, convicting defendant, after a jury trial, of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree, and sentencing him, as a second felony offender, to a term of 4 1/212 to 9 years, should be affirmed.

Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Marcy L. Kahn, J.), rendered August 30, 2005, affirmed.

FOOTNOTES

1.   In its ruling reopening the Hinton hearing, the court also took specific note of the cases cited by the prosecutor which hold that a family member's residence in the area of ongoing undercover operations will often justify closure.

2.   Further evidencing her concession of error, the trial judge later stated that “she doesn't have to be a drug seller under this case law to be barred from this testimony.   So that finding [that defendant made statements suggesting she was a drug seller] is not essential, okay.   That's my ruling (emphasis added).”

3.   There is a split in authorities on the issue of whether seventh-degree drug possession is a lesser included offense of criminal sale of a controlled substance.   In several pre-Glover holdings, the Court of Appeals held that under CPL 1.20(37), the charge of simple drug possession is a lesser included offense of those crimes charging drug sales (People v. Johnson, 45 N.Y.2d at 549, 410 N.Y.S.2d 569, 382 N.E.2d 1345;  People v. Jenkins, 41 N.Y.2d 307, 313-314, 392 N.Y.S.2d 587, 360 N.E.2d 1288 [1977];  People v. Malave, 21 N.Y.2d 26, 29-30, 286 N.Y.S.2d 245, 233 N.E.2d 269 [1967] ).   However, there are several post-Glover Appellate Division decisions that have squarely held that “possession offenses relating to controlled substances are not lesser included offenses of those crimes prohibiting their sale” (People v. Cogle, 94 A.D.2d 158, 159, 463 N.Y.S.2d 925 [3d Dept. 1983];  see also People v. Yon, 300 A.D.2d 1127, 1128, 754 N.Y.S.2d 128 [4th Dept. 2002], lv. denied 99 N.Y.2d 621, 757 N.Y.S.2d 833, 787 N.E.2d 1179 [2003];  People v. Reed, 222 A.D.2d 459, 460, 634 N.Y.S.2d 541 [2d Dept. 1995], lv. denied 87 N.Y.2d 976, 642 N.Y.S.2d 206, 664 N.E.2d 1269 [1996];  People v. Teixeira, 101 A.D.2d 818, 475 N.Y.S.2d 453 [1984] ).

GONZALEZ, J.

All concur.