CARR v. BURNWELL GAS OF NEWARK INC (2005)

 Plaintiffs commenced an action, and plaintiff Jacqueline Carr commenced a separate action as parent and natural guardian of plaintiffs' son, Cody, seeking damages for injuries sustained by Christopher J. Carr (plaintiff) and Cody in a motor vehicle accident. At trial plaintiff and plaintiffs' expert testified that the truck operated by Robert J. Madison (defendant) crossed over the double yellow lines into plaintiff's lane of travel.   Defendant and defendants' expert testified that the vehicle operated by plaintiff crossed over the double yellow lines into defendant's lane of travel. In addition, two police witnesses testified for defendants with respect to three prior consistent statements made by defendant concerning the manner in which the accident occurred.   The first statement, which was made orally to a police officer, concerned merely the direction in which defendant was traveling.   Plaintiffs made only a general objection to that statement and thus failed to preserve for our review their specific contention that the testimony concerning that statement constituted improper bolstering (see Balsz v. A & T Bus Co., 252 A.D.2d 458, 675 N.Y.S.2d 604;  see also Matter of Ashley B., 2 A.D.3d 1402, 1403, 768 N.Y.S.2d 915, lv. denied 2 N.Y.3d 702, 778 N.Y.S.2d 460, 810 N.E.2d 913).   Plaintiffs failed to object to the testimony concerning the second statement, also made orally to a police officer, wherein defendant stated that plaintiff had veered into defendant's lane of travel, and thus also failed to preserve for our review their contention that the statement constituted improper bolstering (see generally Ashley B., 2 A.D.3d at 1403, 768 N.Y.S.2d 915;  Balsz, 252 A.D.2d at 458, 675 N.Y.S.2d 604).

 Plaintiffs, however, objected to the admission of the third statement in evidence and the testimony concerning that statement on the ground that it constituted improper bolstering and thus preserved their contention for our review with respect to that statement.   The third statement was a written statement given by defendant to a police investigator in which defendant asserted that plaintiff veered into defendant's lane of travel.   We agree with plaintiffs that the court erred in admitting that statement in evidence and that the error cannot be deemed harmless.   We thus conclude that the court erred in denying plaintiffs' motions to set aside the verdict and for a new trial based on the improper admission of the statement in evidence.   “ ‘[G]enerally, the testimony of a witness may not be corroborated or bolstered by evidence of prior consistent statements made before trial․ The reason, of course, is that an untrustworthy statement is not made more trustworthy by repetition’ ” (Sansevere v. United Parcel Serv., 181 A.D.2d 521, 524, 581 N.Y.S.2d 315, quoting People v. McClean, 69 N.Y.2d 426, 428, 515 N.Y.S.2d 428, 508 N.E.2d 140;  see Fishman v. Scheuer, 39 N.Y.2d 502, 384 N.Y.S.2d 716, 349 N.E.2d 815;  Crawford v. Nilan, 289 N.Y. 444, 450-451, 46 N.E.2d 512;  Hatton v. Gassler, 219 A.D.2d 697, 631 N.Y.S.2d 757;  Aurnou v. Craig, 184 A.D.2d 1048, 1049, 584 N.Y.S.2d 249).   In this case, the written statement is a prior consistent statement and, contrary to defendants' contention, it was not admitted under the “recognized exception to the rule where the testimony of a witness is assailed as a recent fabrication[, in which case the] testimony ‘may be confirmed by proof of declarations of the same tenor before the motive to falsify existed’ ” (Crawford, 289 N.Y. at 450-451, 46 N.E.2d 512, quoting Ferris v. Sterling, 214 N.Y. 249, 254, 108 N.E. 406;  see Harvin v. New York City Tr. Auth., 198 A.D.2d 401, 603 N.Y.S.2d 893;  Pomer v. Chen, 187 A.D.2d 497, 589 N.Y.S.2d 192;  Smith v. Emkay Fifth Ave., 172 A.D.2d 656, 657, 568 N.Y.S.2d 457).

 Here, the mere fact that plaintiffs challenged the reliability of defendant's version of events does not establish that plaintiffs attempted to show that defendant's testimony was a recent fabrication (see Harvin, 198 A.D.2d at 401-402, 603 N.Y.S.2d 893;  see also Fishman, 39 N.Y.2d at 504, 384 N.Y.S.2d 716, 349 N.E.2d 815;  Pomer, 187 A.D.2d at 497-498, 589 N.Y.S.2d 192;  Smith, 172 A.D.2d at 657, 568 N.Y.S.2d 457).   Recent fabrication “ ‘ “means ․ that the [plaintiffs are] charging the witness not with mistake or confusion, but with making up a false story well after the event” ’ ” (Pomer, 187 A.D.2d at 497-498, 589 N.Y.S.2d 192, quoting People v. Davis, 44 N.Y.2d 269, 277, 405 N.Y.S.2d 428, 376 N.E.2d 901).   In any event, the statement was made after the accident and thus cannot be deemed to rebut a claim of recent fabrication because it was made after the motive to testify falsely existed (see Crawford, 289 N.Y. at 450-451, 46 N.E.2d 512).

 Also contrary to defendants' contention, the written statement at issue was not admissible as a business record inasmuch as defendant was under no business duty to report the incident to the police (see Hatton, 219 A.D.2d at 697, 631 N.Y.S.2d 757;  see also Holliday v. Hudson Armored Car & Courier Serv., 301 A.D.2d 392, 396, 753 N.Y.S.2d 470, lv. dismissed in part and denied in part 100 N.Y.2d 636, 769 N.Y.S.2d 196, 801 N.E.2d 417).   Contrary to defendants' further contention, raised for the first time on appeal, the statement was not admissible as a party admission inasmuch as the statement was not “inconsistent with [defendant's] position on trial” (Prince, Richardson on Evidence § 8-201, at 510 [Farrell 11th ed.] ).

 We conclude that the erroneous admission of the written statement is not harmless.   Although the content overlapped in part with the second oral statement, to which plaintiffs failed to object, the written statement was verified under the penalty of perjury, and that fact “may well have prejudiced the plaintiff[s'] case by adding undue credence to the testimony of [defendant]” (Shufelt v. City of New York, 80 A.D.2d 554, 555, 435 N.Y.S.2d 356).   Under the circumstances of this case, we cannot say that the error in admitting that statement had no effect on the outcome of the case (see Mooney v. Osowiecky, 235 A.D.2d 603, 604, 651 N.Y.S.2d 713;  see also Melendez v. New York City Tr. Auth., 196 A.D.2d 460, 462, 601 N.Y.S.2d 489).   We therefore reverse the judgment, grant the motions, set aside the verdict, reinstate the complaints and grant a new trial.

Based on our determination herein, we see no need to address plaintiffs' remaining contentions.

It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from be and the same hereby is unanimously reversed on the law without costs, the motions are granted, the verdict is set aside, the complaints are reinstated and a new trial is granted.

MEMORANDUM: