PEOPLE v. THOMPSON (2009)

 On appeal from a judgment convicting him following a jury trial of, inter alia, three counts of murder in the first degree (Penal Law § 125.27[1][a][viii];  [b] ), and two counts each of murder in the second degree (§ 125.25[1] ) and attempted murder in the second degree (§§ 110.00, 125.25[1] ), defendant contends that County Court erred in refusing to sever the trials of defendant and the codefendant.   We reject that contention.   Joint trials are preferred where, as here, the same evidence will be used and the defendant and codefendant are charged with acting in concert (see People v. Mahboubian, 74 N.Y.2d 174, 183, 544 N.Y.S.2d 769, 543 N.E.2d 34).   Contrary to defendant's contention, severance was not “compelled” inasmuch as the core of each defense was not in irreconcilable conflict with the other (id. at 184, 544 N.Y.S.2d 769, 543 N.E.2d 34;  cf. People v. Kyser, 26 A.D.3d 839, 840, 809 N.Y.S.2d 342).   Contrary to the further contention of defendant, there was no violation of his rights under Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 or Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177.   Nothing in the trial testimony established that the codefendant made any statements or took any action that implicated defendant (cf. Kyser, 26 A.D.3d 839, 809 N.Y.S.2d 342).

 We reject the contention of defendant that the court erred in refusing to suppress identification testimony.   Having viewed the photographic arrays shown to the witnesses, we conclude “that the viewer's attention [would not be] drawn to any one photograph in such a way as to indicate that the police were urging a particular selection” (People v. Quinones, 5 A.D.3d 1093, 1093, 773 N.Y.S.2d 671, lv. denied 3 N.Y.3d 646, 782 N.Y.S.2d 417, 816 N.E.2d 207;  see People v. Davis, 50 A.D.3d 1589, 1590, 855 N.Y.S.2d 803, lv. denied 11 N.Y.3d 787, 866 N.Y.S.2d 613, 896 N.E.2d 99), and there is no evidence in the record to support defendant's speculative assertion that witnesses may have conferred with each other between identification procedures (cf. People v. Ocasio, 134 A.D.2d 293, 294, 520 N.Y.S.2d 620).   Although defendant also contends that the court erred in refusing to suppress his statements, we note that defense counsel “conceded the propriety of the suppression ruling” with respect to the statements and thus defendant's contention is not preserved for our review (People v. Williams, 143 A.D.2d 162, 163, 531 N.Y.S.2d 807;  see People v. Wells, 288 A.D.2d 408, 733 N.Y.S.2d 634).   In any event, we reject that contention.   It is undisputed that defendant was not Mirandized and was subjected to interrogation at the time of the statements.   The dispositive issue, however, is whether defendant was in custody, inasmuch as Miranda warnings are required only when a person is subjected to custodial interrogation (see generally People v. Huffman, 41 N.Y.2d 29, 33, 390 N.Y.S.2d 843, 359 N.E.2d 353).   Here, the court credited the testimony of the police officers in determining that defendant was not in custody when he was questioned by the police.   Affording great deference to the credibility determinations of the hearing court (see People v. Prochilo, 41 N.Y.2d 759, 761, 395 N.Y.S.2d 635, 363 N.E.2d 1380), we conclude that the testimony of the police officers established that a reasonable person, innocent of any crime, would not have believed that he or she was in custody at the time of the questioning (see generally People v. Yukl, 25 N.Y.2d 585, 589, 307 N.Y.S.2d 857, 256 N.E.2d 172, cert. denied 400 U.S. 851, 91 S.Ct. 78, 27 L.Ed.2d 89).

 Contrary to the further contention of defendant, he was not entitled to a pretrial hearing concerning the testimonial competency and capacity of the child witness.   There was no “ ‘nonspeculative’ ” evidence of any improper influence exerted on that witness and thus no basis for a pretrial hearing to determine whether his testimony at trial would be tainted (People v. Kemp, 251 A.D.2d 1072, 1072, 674 N.Y.S.2d 525, lv. denied 92 N.Y.2d 900, 680 N.Y.S.2d 64, 702 N.E.2d 849;  see People v. Montalvo, 34 A.D.3d 600, 601, 825 N.Y.S.2d 101, lv. denied 8 N.Y.3d 883, 832 N.Y.S.2d 495, 864 N.E.2d 625;  People v. Nickel, 14 A.D.3d 869, 870-871, 788 N.Y.S.2d 274, lv. denied 4 N.Y.3d 834, 796 N.Y.S.2d 589, 829 N.E.2d 682).   For the same reasons, the court properly denied defendant's request for a pretrial psychological examination of that witness (see generally People v. Brown, 7 A.D.3d 726, 777 N.Y.S.2d 508, lv. denied 3 N.Y.3d 671, 784 N.Y.S.2d 9, 817 N.E.2d 827).   To the extent that defendant contends on appeal that the court “erred in failing to timely permit [defendant] to retain and make use of expert testimony relative to the identification of [defendant] by [the child witness],” we note that defendant did not join in the codefendant's request to retain an expert to review the mental health records of that witness.   Defendant thus failed to preserve that contention for our review (see generally People v. Cook, 286 A.D.2d 917, 731 N.Y.S.2d 412, lv. denied 97 N.Y.2d 680, 738 N.Y.S.2d 295, 764 N.E.2d 399;  People v. Greening, 254 A.D.2d 739, 679 N.Y.S.2d 767, lv. denied 92 N.Y.2d 1032, 684 N.Y.S.2d 497, 707 N.E.2d 452).   In any event, for the same reasons previously noted, the contention lacks merit.

 Defendant's further challenge to the capacity of the child witness to testify as a sworn witness lacks merit.   The child witness was 11 years old at the time of trial and thus was presumed to have the capacity to testify under oath (see CPL 60.20[1], [2] ).   In any event, “ ‘[t]he determination of the trial court [with respect to witness competency] should be sustained particularly where the testimony is received and the weight to be given it is left to the jury, unless there is a clear abuse of discretionary power’ ” (see People v. Parks, 41 N.Y.2d 36, 46, 390 N.Y.S.2d 848, 359 N.E.2d 358), and we perceive no abuse of discretion on the record before us.   The trial court was in the best position “to observe manner, demeanor and presence of mind” of the witness and to make appropriate inquiries (id.).

 We further conclude that the court did not improvidently exercise its discretion in denying defendant's request for additional peremptory challenges during the joint trial (see People v. Rolle, 4 A.D.3d 542, 544, 771 N.Y.S.2d 704, lv. denied 3 N.Y.3d 647, 782 N.Y.S.2d 418, 816 N.E.2d 208;  cf. People v. Hines, 109 A.D.2d 893, 487 N.Y.S.2d 86, lv. denied 66 N.Y.2d 764, 497 N.Y.S.2d 1038, 488 N.E.2d 124), and we conclude that the court properly denied defendant's Batson challenge.   The prosecutor set forth race-neutral reasons for striking the prospective juror in question, inasmuch as the prospective juror had a prior conviction as well as a relative with a prior conviction (see People v. Cuthrell, 284 A.D.2d 982, 982-983, 726 N.Y.S.2d 903;  see generally People v. Gajadhar, 38 A.D.3d 127, 137, 828 N.Y.S.2d 346, affd. 9 N.Y.3d 438, 850 N.Y.S.2d 377, 880 N.E.2d 863).

 Contrary to defendant's contention, the conviction is supported by legally sufficient evidence (see generally People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672).   Further, viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes as charged to the jury (see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1), we conclude that the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence (see generally Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672).   Contrary to defendant's further contention, because a trial court has “the inherent power ․ to control its own calendar” (People v. Trait, 70 A.D.2d 1057, 1057, 417 N.Y.S.2d 572;  see People v. Cangiano, 40 A.D.2d 528, 529, 334 N.Y.S.2d 510), we conclude that the court did not abuse or improvidently exercise its discretion in refusing to adjourn sentencing to enable defendant to prepare a written CPL article 330 motion (see People v. Williams, 302 A.D.2d 903, 753 N.Y.S.2d 909;  People v. Cummings, 284 A.D.2d 907, 725 N.Y.S.2d 922, lv. denied 97 N.Y.2d 640, 735 N.Y.S.2d 497, 761 N.E.2d 2, 97 N.Y.2d 680, 738 N.Y.S.2d 295, 764 N.E.2d 399).   Finally, we conclude that the sentence of life without parole is not unduly harsh or severe.   Defendant was convicted of attempting to kill two children and killing four people, one of whom was holding her 11-month-old baby in her arms.

It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.

MEMORANDUM: