20 BROAD STREET OWNER LLC v. LLC (2024)

Order, Supreme Court, New York County (Debra A. James, J.) entered on or about October 16, 2023, which, inter alia, granted plaintiff's motion for summary judgment dismissing defendants’ affirmative defenses and counterclaims for constructive eviction, breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment, frustration of purpose, casualty, breach of contract, breach of warranty of habitability, and conversion arising from the Legionella contamination in the building, and declined to order further discovery, unanimously modified, on the law, to grant discovery limited to the questions on damages left for the factfinder to resolve, and otherwise affirmed, without costs.

The motion court properly dismissed the counterclaims by defendant Sonder USA, Inc. (the tenant) for constructive eviction and breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment based on the tenant's failure to establish that it abandoned the premises (Schwartz v. Hotel Carlyle Owners Corp., 132 A.D.3d 541, 542, 20 N.Y.S.3d 341 [1st Dept. 2015]).  Although the tenant asserts that it abandoned the premises no later than June 3, 2020, the September 9, 2020 surrender agreement relating to the seventh-floor units and October 13, 2020 letter surrendering the remaining units contradict this assertion.  Contrary to the tenant's assertion, ceasing operations is insufficient because it remained in possession of the premises (see Broadway Copy Serv., Inc. v. Broad–Wall Co., 77 A.D.2d 827, 828, 431 N.Y.S.2d 13 [1st Dept. 1980]).  The tenant's continued possession also warrants dismissal of the breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment claim (see Rivera v. JRJ Land Prop. Corp., 27 A.D.3d 361, 364–365, 812 N.Y.S.2d 63 [1st Dept. 2006]) and defeats the frustration of purpose defense, “as the parties’ respective duties were to pay rent in exchange for occupying the leased premises” (Valentino U.S.A., Inc. v. 693 Fifth Owner LLC, 203 A.D.3d 480, 480, 160 N.Y.S.3d 858 [1st Dept. 2022]).

We also agree with the motion court that the building's Legionella contamination did not constitute a casualty under article 14 of the lease (see Consolidated Rest. Operations, Inc. v. Westport Ins. Corp., ––– N.Y.3d ––––, ––– N.Y.S.3d –––, ––– N.E.3d ––––, 2024 N.Y. Slip Op. 00795 [2024];  Gap, Inc. v. 170 Broadway Retail Owner, LLC, 195 A.D.3d 575, 577, 151 N.Y.S.3d 37 [1st Dept. 2021]).  Although Legionella bacteria differs from COVID–19 in that it physically contaminates “the recirculated water of cooling tower systems that are not properly or regularly maintained” (24 RCNY 8–02) and therefore affects the physical premises, Legionella “is ubiquitous in aqueous environments,” and cannot be said to be a singular event that caused damage depriving the tenant of access as contemplated by section 14.1 of the lease (24 RCNY 8–02).

Although the motion court did not address that part of the breach of contract counterclaim that related to plaintiff's failure to maintain the building's plumbing systems in good repair, which resulted in the Legionella contamination, the court properly dismissed it based on the tenant's decision to stop paying rent, which “constitutes an election of remedies, so that [it] has no claim for damages” (Schwartz v. Hotel Carlyle Owners Corp., 132 A.D.3d at 543, 20 N.Y.S.3d 341).  Dismissal of the conversion counterclaim was also warranted under section 20.1 of the lease, which permits plaintiff to draw down the letter of credit upon a monetary default by the tenant, without recourse to its other potential remedies, and the tenant “has not demonstrated that it sustained damages as a result of plaintiff's alleged breach so as to be entitled to retain the funds” (North Am. Airlines, Inc. v. Wilmington Trust Co., 171 A.D.3d 616, 617, 99 N.Y.S.3d 32 [1st Dept. 2019]).

The breach of the warranty of habitability counterclaim was properly dismissed because it only applies to a tenant living in the apartment, not a commercial tenant like defendants herein (see e.g. Frisch v. Bellmarc Mgt., Inc., 190 A.D.2d 383, 390, 597 N.Y.S.2d 962 [1st Dept. 1993] [even if claim could be asserted by a condominium owner, “plaintiff could not avail himself of the protection of the statutory warranty of habitability since he did not personally reside in the unit”]).  We modify the order solely to grant defendants’ request for discovery, limited to the questions on damages left for the factfinder to resolve (see Kato Intl. LLC v. Gerard Fox Law, P.C., 195 A.D.3d 516, 517, 150 N.Y.S.3d 711 [1st Dept. 2021]).

We have considered defendants’ remaining contentions and find them unavailing.