FRANKLIN v. GILCHRIST (1997)

Mr. and Mrs. Booker T. Washington were married in 1961.   Mrs. Washington's first marriage had ended in divorce and she was awarded custody of her then-minor children, Napoleon and Hershey Franklin.   The Franklins lived with their mother and Mr. Washington.   There were no children born as issue of the marriage between Mr. and Mrs. Washington.   Although it is undisputed that Mr. Washington was a very good step-father to the Franklins, he never formally adopted them.   The Franklins kept their natural father's surname, but saw him only rarely before his death.   Mrs. Washington predeceased her husband and, when Mr. Washington died, he left no will.   Mr. Washington's sister, Dorothy Gilchrist, applied to the probate court for appointment as administratrix of his estate.   The Franklins filed a caveat, asserting that they, as the virtually adopted children of Mr. Washington, were entitled to inherit his entire estate and that one of them should be named administrator.   The probate court denied the Franklins' caveat and appointed Ms. Gilchrist as administratrix.   The Franklins appealed to the superior court, where a jury trial was held.   At the close of the Franklins' evidence, the superior court granted Mrs. Gilchrist's motion for a directed verdict on the ground that there was insufficient evidence of an agreement to adopt.   The Franklins appeal from the judgment entered in favor of Ms. Gilchrist.

 An essential element of a virtual adoption claim is the existence of an adoption agreement between persons who were competent to contract for the disposition of the child.  Welch v. Welch, 265 Ga. 89, 453 S.E.2d 445 (1995);  O'Neal v. Wilkes, 263 Ga. 850, 851(1), 439 S.E.2d 490 (1994).   The Franklins introduced no evidence to show that their natural father ever agreed to their adoption by Mr. Washington and no evidence to account for the failure to obtain their natural father's agreement prior to his death.   See Williams v. Murray, 239 Ga. 276, 236 S.E.2d 624 (1977).   Compare Anderson v. Maddox, 257 Ga. 478, 360 S.E.2d 590 (1987) (wherein the children's father was dead at time of the adoption agreement between their mother and the cousin of their deceased father).   Likewise, there was no evidence of any agreement between the Franklins' mother and Mr. Washington for their adoption.   At most, the evidence shows that the Franklins came to live with Mr. Washington because they were his wife's children and she was the custodial parent.

[W]hat might present a good case of equitable or virtual adoption against a person standing as a stranger to the child might not be so as against a person who, independently of the contract to adopt, assumed, by virtue of his marriage to the mother of the child, the very domestic relation which had been held in all other cases to give to the child an equitable status in reference to the adoption agreement.

Taylor v. Boles, 191 Ga. 591, 596, 13 S.E.2d 352 (1941).   Compare Anderson v. Maddox, supra at 479, 360 S.E.2d 590 (wherein the children “were given” by their mother to the cousin of their deceased father who accepted them as his own children).   There is no evidence to authorize a finding that Mr. Washington ever agreed to become the Franklins' adoptive father and the trial court correctly granted a directed verdict in favor of Ms. Gilchrist.  Davis v. Bennett, 263 Ga. 714, 715(2), 438 S.E.2d 73 (1994).

Judgment affirmed.

CARLEY, Justice.

All the Justices concur.