STANDARD OIL OF CONNECTICUT INC v. ADMINISTRATOR UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION ACT (2016)

The plaintiff, Standard Oil of Connecticut, Inc., appeals from the judgment of the trial court dismissing its appeal from the decision of the Employment Security Appeals Division, Board of Review (board). The board denied in part the plaintiff's motion to correct findings of fact made by the appeals referee and concluded that the workers at issue are the plaintiff's employees under the test set forth in the Connecticut Unemployment Compensation Act (act), General Statutes § 31–222 et seq. On appeal, the plaintiff claims that the trial court applied the wrong legal standard in reviewing its motion to correct. The plaintiff also claims that the trial court improperly concluded that the workers were the plaintiff's employees under § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii) because they were subject to the plaintiff's control and direction in the performance of their services and they performed their services at the plaintiff's places of business. The defendant, the Unemployment Compensation Act Administrator, responds that the trial court applied the proper legal standard in reviewing the plaintiff's motion to correct and properly concluded that the workers were the plaintiff's employees under the test set forth in the act. We reverse the judgment of the trial court.

The following relevant facts and procedural history are set forth in the trial court's memorandum of decision. “The plaintiff ․ [is in the business of selling and delivering home heating oil and also] provides home heating and alarm systems to residential customers. In doing so, it utilizes the services of certain individuals who [clean, service and install] heating/air conditioning systems or who [install] security systems (installers/technicians). In June of 2008, the ․ Department of Labor conducted an audit of the plaintiff. Following the audit, the [defendant] determined that the installers/technicians were misclassified as independent contractors rather than as employees. The [defendant] further concluded that, due to this misclassification, the plaintiff owed $41,501.38 in unemployment contribution taxes, plus interest, for 2007 and 2008.

“The plaintiff appealed [from] the [defendant's] decision to the [appeals referee], who conducted an evidentiary hearing. Following this hearing, the appeals referee issued a decision with findings of fact, affirming the [defendant's] decision. The plaintiff then appealed to the [board]. The board modified the appeals referee's findings of fact and made additional findings in a decision on March 21, 2012. It determined that the plaintiff had met part C (General Statutes § 31–222[a][1][B][ii][III] ) of the test set out in ․ § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii) (the ABC test) for determining whether the installers/technicians were independent contractors, but also determined that the plaintiff had failed to demonstrate that the installers/technicians were independent contractors under part A (General Statutes § 31–222[a][1][B][ii] [I] ) and part B (General Statutes § 31–222[a][1][B][ii][II] ). The plaintiff ․ appeal[ed] [to the trial court] on April 19, 2012, was granted an extension of time to file a motion to correct findings on May 18, 2012, and filed a motion to correct findings on August 30, 2012. The board issued a decision on the motion to correct findings on March 4, 2013, granting the motion in part and denying it in part. The board maintained its earlier decision as to the plaintiff's failure to meet parts A and B.”

The plaintiff filed claims of error and an appeal with the trial court. Following oral argument, the court dismissed the appeal on March 24, 2014. The court rejected the plaintiff's claim seeking to correct the board's factual findings and upheld the board's determination that the plaintiff had failed to satisfy parts A and B of the ABC test. This appeal followed.

Section 31–222 (a)(1)(B)(ii) defines “employment” in relevant part as any service performed by “any individual who, under either common law rules applicable in determining the employer-employee relationship or under the provisions of this subsection, has the status of an employee. Service performed by an individual shall be deemed to be employment subject to this chapter irrespective of whether the common law relationship of master and servant exists, unless and until it is shown to the satisfaction of the administrator that (I) such individual has been and will continue to be free from control and direction in connection with the performance of such service, both under his contract for the performance of service and in fact; and (II) such service is performed either outside the usual course of the business for which the service is performed or is performed outside of all the places of business of the enterprise for which the service is performed; and (III) such individual is customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, profession or business of the same nature as that involved in the service performed․” Because the provision is in the conjunctive, the party claiming the exception to the rule that the service is employment must show that all three prongs of the test have been satisfied. E.g., JSF Promotions, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, 265 Conn. 413, 419, 828 A.2d 609 (2003).

“[W]hen interpreting provisions of the act, we take as our starting point the fact that the act is remedial and, consequently, should be liberally construed in favor of its beneficiaries․ Indeed, the legislature underscored its intent by expressly mandating that the act shall be construed, interpreted and administered in such manner as to presume coverage, eligibility and nondisqualification in doubtful cases. General Statutes § 31–274(c).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Tuxis Ohr's Fuel, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, 309 Conn. 412, 423, 72 A.3d 13 (2013). We also note that “exemptions to statutes are to be strictly construed.” Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, 42 Conn.Supp. 376, 389, 622 A.2d 622 (1992), aff'd, 225 Conn. 99, 622 A.2d 518 (1993). Nevertheless, the act “should not be construed unrealistically in order to distort its purpose.” F.A.S. International, Inc. v. Reilly, 179 Conn. 507, 516, 427 A.2d 392 (1980). “While it may be difficult for a situation to exist where an employer sustains his burden of proof under the ABC test ․ it is important to consider that [t]he exemption [under the act] becomes meaningless if it does not exempt anything from the statutory provisions ․ where the law and the facts merit the exemption in a given case.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, at 389–90, 622 A.2d 622. Rather, “statutes are to be construed so that they carry out the intent of the legislature․ We must construe the act as we find it․” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Johnson v. Manson, 196 Conn. 309, 314–15, 493 A.2d 846 (1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1063, 106 S.Ct. 813, 88 L.Ed.2d 787 (1986).

Having conducted a comprehensive review of the board's modified findings of fact, we conclude that the trial court improperly determined that the installers/technicians were the plaintiff's employees under the first two prongs of the ABC test.¹

I

We begin with the plaintiff's claim that the installers/technicians were free from its control and direction under part A of the ABC test. The plaintiff contends that the uncontroverted evidence establishes that the installers/technicians retained control and direction over the method and means of their work. The defendant responds that the installers/technicians performed their work subject to the plaintiff's control and direction. We agree with the plaintiff.

The following additional facts are relevant to our resolution of this claim. Although the board modified its findings of fact² following a review of the plaintiff's motion to correct, it did not alter its earlier conclusion that the plaintiff had failed to satisfy part A of the ABC test. Thereafter, in upholding the board's conclusion, the trial court noted the board's findings that “the plaintiff advertises installed heating, cooling, and security systems; it makes appointments with customers, then finds an installer or technician who can take the assignment; it does not permit installers or technicians to subcontract; it encourages them to wear apparel bearing the plaintiff's name; it can send an installer or technician back to correct a deficient installation; it pays the installers or technicians a set rate per piece; and it requires them to submit payment invoices no later than the Friday after they complete the work. The board stated that five installers/technicians [indicated] that the plaintiff has the right to direct how they perform their work in a questionnaire. The board did not credit later statements by two of the installers/technicians that the plaintiff did not have [that] right. The board also stated that the installers can only install equipment provided by the plaintiff and that the technicians use nozzles, filters, and strainers which are provided by the plaintiff for cleaning oil burners. In addition, the board also initially listed the right to terminate without liability as a strong indication of an employer-employee relationship, but, in its decision on the plaintiff's motion to correct findings, removed this as a factor, amending finding [nineteen] to say that the parties stipulated that right to fire would not be a factor.”

The court further observed, however, that the board had acknowledged certain factors indicating that “the plaintiff did not exercise control and direction. These included that the installers/technicians signed independent contractor agreements stating they would exercise independence; that they were free to accept or reject assignments, [could] determine the days on which they [would] work, [were] not supervised while performing their work; that the plaintiff [did] not check on their work; that they [were] licensed and certified, that the plaintiff [did] not provide them with an employee handbook and [did] not pay them for training or require training; that the installers/technicians [could] hire employees to assist them and [were] free to supervise their employees; that the installers/technicians [could] realize a profit or a loss; and that they provide[d] their own tools, transportation, and insurance.” The court nonetheless concluded that, although the plaintiff had made a “compelling case” that it lacked control and direction, the court was “not convinced that the board lack[ed] substantial evidence for its decision.”

We begin by setting forth the standard of review. It is well established that “[r]eview of an administrative agency decision requires a court to determine whether there is substantial evidence in the administrative record to support the agency's findings of basic fact and whether the conclusions drawn from those facts are reasonable․ Neither this court nor the trial court may retry the case or substitute its own judgment for that of the administrative agency on the weight of the evidence or questions of fact․ Our ultimate duty is to determine, in view of all of the evidence, whether the agency, in issuing its order, acted unreasonably, arbitrarily, illegally or in abuse of its discretion․ [A]n agency's factual and discretionary determinations are to be accorded considerable weight by the courts.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) JSF Promotions, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 265 Conn. at 417–18, 828 A.2d 609.

With respect to the governing legal principles, we have stated that “[t]he fundamental distinction between an employee and an independent contractor depends upon the existence or nonexistence of the right to control the means and methods of work․ The test of the relationship is the right to control. It is not the fact of actual interference with the control, but the right to interfere, that makes the difference between an independent contractor and a servant or agent․ An employer-employee relationship does not depend upon the actual exercise of the right to control. The right to control is sufficient․ The decisive test is who has the right to direct what shall be done and when and how it shall be done? Who has the right of general control?” (Citations omitted; emphasis omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Latimer v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, 216 Conn. 237, 248, 579 A.2d 497 (1990). Under this test, we have stated that “[a]n independent contractor is one who, exercising an independent employment, contracts to do a piece of work according to his own methods and without being subject to the control of his or her employer, except as to the result of his work.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Darling v. Burrone Bros., Inc., 162 Conn. 187, 195, 292 A.2d 912 (1972); accord Alexander v. R.A. Sherman's Sons Co., 86 Conn. 292, 297, 85 A. 514 (1912). The plaintiff bears the burden of showing that the workers hired as independent contractors “[have] been and will continue to be free from control and direction in connection with the performance of ․ service[s], both under [their] contract for the performance of service[s] and in fact․” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) JSF Promotions, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 265 Conn. at 418, 828 A.2d 609.

Part A of the ABC test provides that “[s]ervice performed by an individual shall be deemed to be employment ․ unless and until it is shown to the satisfaction of the administrator that ․ such individual has been and will continue to be free from control and direction in connection with the performance of such service, both under his contract for the performance of service and in fact․” General Statutes § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(I). Although the meaning of this language may seem clear, past agency interpretations of part A have been highly fact specific and not uniformly upheld on appeal to the Superior Court. See JSF Promotions, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, Superior Court, judicial district of Hartford, Docket No. CV–97–0575801 (April 2, 2002) (reversing board's decision that product demonstrators hired to work at supermarkets were under plaintiff's control and direction), rev'd, 265 Conn. 413, 828 A.2d 609 (2003); Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 384–85, 412, 622 A.2d 622 (reversing board's decision that nurses hired to work at health-care facilities and hospitals on as needed basis were under plaintiff's control and direction). Accordingly, we seek guidance from several appellate decisions in which this court and the Superior Court³ discussed the conditions necessary to satisfy part A of the ABC test.

We initially addressed the issue of control and direction in F.A.S. International, Inc. v. Reilly, supra, 179 Conn. at 507, 427 A.2d 392. In that case, we concluded that the trial court properly had sustained the plaintiff's appeal from the administrator's determination that the professional artists, writers and photographers employed in the plaintiff's correspondence schools to analyze and critique students' lessons were employees of the plaintiff rather than independent contractors. See id., at 513, 516, 427 A.2d 392. We explained that the professionals “employed different techniques or approaches in their criticism and analysis of student work. The plaintiff's only concern was with the result or end product of their efforts. [The plaintiff] exercised no control over the means and method of their performance. Although it is true, as claimed by the administrator, that [the plaintiff] would not permit its professionals to hire others to evaluate student work which had been given to them for review, this prohibition is not significant because contracts for personal services cannot be assigned without consent․ It is obvious that [the plaintiff] depended upon the skill and reputation of the artists, writers and photographers it selected to produce a product of quality. The [plaintiff] did not rely on rote correction of objective examinations.”⁴ (Citation omitted.) Id., at 513, 427 A.2d 392.

We next considered the issue of control and direction in Latimer. See Latimer v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 216 Conn. at 247–49, 579 A.2d 497. Unlike in F.A.S. International, Inc., we concluded in Latimer that the trial court properly had sustained the administrator's determination that several personal care aides placed in the plaintiff's home by the Litchfield Hills Nurses Registry (registry) were the plaintiff's employees rather than independent contractors, in part because the plaintiff had failed to show that the aides were free from the plaintiff's control and direction. Id., at 243–44, 252, 579 A.2d 497. We specifically concluded that among the factors militating in favor of finding control and direction were that the plaintiff retained the right to discharge any aide without liability, although this factor was not considered conclusive, paid aides an hourly rate, established the hours when the aides were to work after the aides made known their hours of availability, directed the aides to perform personal errands and to be cognizant of instructions concerning the plaintiff's care, expected the services to be rendered personally by particular aides selected by the registry on the basis of the plaintiff's needs and instructions conveyed to the registry, and furnished the equipment and materials required for the aides to perform their work. See id., at 249–50, 579 A.2d 497. We also noted that the aides did not realize a profit or suffer a loss based on the services they rendered. Id., at 250, 579 A.2d 497. Even more important than the foregoing factors, however, was that the aides reported their daily activities to the plaintiff's attorney, to whom the plaintiff had granted a general power of attorney, and that the attorney personally monitored the level of care given to the plaintiff. Id. We explained that this finding embodied “the logical inference that the reporting and monitoring had a purpose and that, if the care given [to] the plaintiff [had been] unsatisfactory, [the attorney] could, and would, intervene and take corrective measures. That right of intervention ․ evinces a right to control and direct the [aides] by the recipient of their services.” Id., at 251, 579 A.2d 497. We added that “[t]he fact that the [aides] placed with the plaintiff by the registry signed an agreement that they were independent contractors [was] of no moment. Language in a contract that characterizes an individual as an independent contractor [rather than an employee] is not controlling. The primary concern is what is done under the contract and not what it says․ Such provisions in a contract are not effective to keep an employer outside the purview of the act when the established facts bring [the employer] within it. We look beyond the plain language of the contract to the actual status in which the parties are placed.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 251–52, 579 A.2d 497.

Shortly thereafter, in Stone Hill Remodeling v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, Superior Court, judicial district of Waterbury, Docket No. 089398 (February 21, 1991) (3 Conn. L. Rptr. 829), the Superior Court cited Latimer in concluding that the administrator reasonably could have found that a worker who performed plumbing, electrical, carpentry and siding work at a construction site for the plaintiff, who was a home improvement contractor, was under the plaintiff's general control and direction, at least with respect to the carpentry work that he had performed for the plaintiff. Id., at 830. The court cited the board's findings that the worker “at times work[ed] side by side with the [plaintiff on the carpentry work]. The [plaintiff] furnished the worker with tools and materials, indicating an element of control․ The carpentry work performed by the [worker] was under the supervision of the [plaintiff].” Id., at 829. The plaintiff thus failed to sustain its burden of demonstrating that the worker was free from its control and direction. See id., at 830.

Stone Hill Remodeling was followed by Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. ofLabor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 376, 622 A.2d 622, whose reasoning we adopted one year later in upholding that decision. See Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 225 Conn. at 102, 622 A.2d 518 (“we adopt the trial court's well reasoned decision as a statement of the facts and the applicable law on [the] issue [of the employer-employee relationship under the ABC test]”). In Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc., the Superior Court relied heavily on the factors discussed in Latimer in reversing the decision of the Employment Security Division of the Department of Labor that nurses hired by the plaintiff to work at health-care facilities and hospitals on an as needed basis and at an hourly rate were the plaintiff's employees under the first prong of the ABC test. Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 378, 384–85, 393–400, 622 A.2d 622. In concluding that the nurses in that case were not under the plaintiff's control and direction, the court relied on almost all of the factors we identified in Latimer. See id., at 393–400, 622 A.2d 622. The court noted that, although the plaintiff retained the right to terminate an assignment without liability, other factors, including a lack of control and direction over the means and methods of the nurses' work at the medical facilities, meaning the right to direct what should be done and when and how it should be done, were more important. Id., at 393–94, 622 A.2d 622. The court stated that “[the plaintiff's] function, after satisfying itself that a nurse was competent, was fairly limited to arranging times mutually convenient for the nurse and the particular medical facility where the nurse's services were to be rendered and examining a nurse's pay invoices when submitted to it for payment and in making payment․ Once the assignment to a particular medical facility was offered by [the plaintiff] and undertaken by ․ [the] nurse, the nurse went there and, subject to the protocol of that facility, rendered her professional services under that facility's direction. The ․ nurses could trade shifts after an assignment at a medical facility that [the plaintiff] serviced. This was done without the nurse being required to report such shift trades to [the plaintiff]․” (Citation omitted; footnote omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 394–95, 622 A.2d 622. Furthermore, unlike in Latimer, the plaintiff did not establish the hours when the nurses were to work and did not furnish the tools, equipment or materials necessary to do their job. See id., at 395, 622 A.2d 622. In addition, the plaintiff did not send a representative to visit the medical facility to check on the nurses' work, did not conduct orientations for the nurses and did not issue the nurses a manual of instructions. Id., at 396, 622 A.2d 622. Also weighing in favor of the plaintiff were that the name tags the nurses were required to wear in some facilities were not required by the plaintiff but by the facilities in which they worked. Id., at 397, 622 A.2d 622.

The court acknowledged that other factors tended to indicate control and direction, including that the nurses submitted payment invoices to the plaintiff indicating the time and location of their work, the invoices were on forms provided by the plaintiff, the times indicated on the invoice forms needed to be certified by the facility before being processed by the plaintiff, and the nurses were paid at an hourly rate. Id. The court determined, however, that the manner of remuneration was “ ‘not decisive or controlling’ “ because of the “reality” that the plaintiff “served in the nature of [a] conduit for payment.” Id., at 398, 622 A.2d 622. The court finally observed, citing Latimer, that the characterization of the nurses in their employment agreement with the plaintiff as independent contractors who were not subject to the plaintiff's control and direction was “entitled to some consideration․” Id., at 399, 622 A.2d 622.

This court again considered the issue of control and direction in Tianti v. William Raveis Real Estate, Inc., 231 Conn. 690, 651 A.2d 1286 (1995). Although the plaintiff in Tianti brought the action pursuant to General Statutes § 31–72⁵ on behalf of two real estate salespersons seeking to collect unpaid wages from the defendant, and not in the context of unemployment compensation; see id., at 691–92, 651 A.2d 1286; we stated that the ABC test was applicable in determining the existence of an employment relationship between the salespersons and the defendant. Id., at 697, 651 A.2d 1286. We then concluded that the defendant had the right to control its salespersons on the basis of findings that they “were required to attend mandatory office meetings ․ did business under the defendant's name ․ used the company letterhead, business cards and supplies ․ were required to attend training sessions ․ and ․ were threatened with discharge if they did not comply with these requirements. The right to terminate [an employment] relationship without liability is not consistent with the concept of an independent contract․ [One of the salespersons also] was required to put in specified hours of floor time and [the other salesperson] was required to work forty hours per week plus put in an office appearance on weekends.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 698, 651 A.2d 1286; see also AAD Vantage of South Central Connecticut, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven, Docket No. CV–96–0382334 (September 16, 1998) (plaintiff exercised right to control salespersons because it provided them with equipment or materials necessary to perform job, including business cards, order forms, desk space and telephone service, plaintiff provided training prior to assigning territory to salespersons, plaintiff conducted sales meetings and provided salespersons with customer lists, plaintiff's income was dependent on salespersons securing sales, commissions were set by plaintiff according to fee structure it established, commissions were not paid until salespersons' clients paid plaintiff, salespersons could not bind plaintiff in contract or agreement without plaintiff's approval, salespersons were required to utilize plaintiff's order forms and submit forms to plaintiff, salespersons were not authorized to collect money from clients they secured, and, most important, plaintiff retained right to terminate salesperson who did not use best efforts to secure customers and could establish criteria to determine what constituted salesperson's best efforts).

The Superior Court addressed the issue more recently in JSF Promotions, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, Superior Court, Docket No. CV–97–0575801. In reversing the board's decision and concluding that product demonstrators hired to work at supermarkets were not the plaintiff's employees, the court cited Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc., for the proposition that, because the plaintiff had served “as a mere conduit of information to enable the demonstrator to know what service to provide, what products were to be demonstrated, what equipment the demonstrator had to supply, where and what time the demonstrations were to be performed ․ [e]ven ‘quality control’ of the demonstrations was out of the plaintiff's hands—in that regard, it took its orders from the supermarket, which would make the judgment whether a particular demonstrator's work was satisfactory or not.” Id. The court also observed that the demonstrator's contract allowed the demonstrator to assign work to be performed to other qualified demonstrators with notice to the plaintiff, which plainly meant that “the plaintiff [did] not even retain control over who [would] perform the demonstration service on any given job.” (Emphasis in original.) Id.

Applying the foregoing principles, we conclude that the board's modified findings of fact did not reasonably support its conclusion that the plaintiff in the present case had the right to control the means and methods of the work performed by the installers/technicians during the years in question.⁶ The plaintiff did not own or operate the tools, machinery or heavy duty vehicles required for the installation of heating systems, tank removal or home alarm installation. It thus contracted with the installers/technicians, who were licensed and certified to perform their services in accordance with state law and who routinely performed such work for their own businesses or through self-employment. The contracts between the plaintiff and the installers/technicians provided that the installers/technicians shall exercise independent judgment and control in the execution of any work they conduct for the plaintiff. See Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 399, 622 A.2d 622 (plaintiff's characterization of nurses in employment agreement between them as not subject to plaintiff's control and direction was “entitled to some consideration,” although not controlling). Consistent with this contract provision, the plaintiff did not supervise the installers/technicians and did not inspect their work. In fact, there was no representative of the plaintiff on a customer's premises at any time during an installation project, either while it was in progress or upon its completion. The same was true for the technicians. See id., at 394–96, 622 A.2d 622 (rendering of nurses' services under facilities' direction and plaintiff's practice of not sending representative to check on nurses' work indicated absence of control and direction); cf. Latimer v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 216 Conn. at 250–51, 579 A.2d 497 (reporting by personal care assistants of daily activities to plaintiff's attorney, who personally monitored level of care given to plaintiff, indicated control and direction).

In addition, the installers/technicians were free to accept or reject any assignment offered to them without adverse consequences. Although an assignment, once accepted, had to be performed within a designated time-frame set by the plaintiff and the customer, the installers/technicians chose the days on which it was convenient for them to work. See Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 394–95, 622 A.2d 622 (arranging times mutually convenient for nurses and medical facilities instead of establishing hours when nurses must work indicated absence of control and direction); cf. Tianti v. William Raveis Real Estate, Inc., supra, 231 Conn. at 698, 651 A.2d 1286 (requiring salespersons to work specified hours indicated control and direction); Latimer v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 216 Conn. at 250, 579 A.2d 497 (establishing hours when personal care assistants must work after they made hours of availability known to plaintiff indicated control and direction). Each of the installers/technicians also had an independent business that provided the same type of services that they provided for the plaintiff. As a consequence, many installers/technicians had their own business cards, advertised their businesses and earned an undetermined amount of their income from sources other than the plaintiff.

Furthermore, after an assignment was accepted, the installers/technicians used their own equipment and tools to complete each project. See Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 395, 622 A.2d 622 (failing to furnish tools, equipment or materials necessary for nurses to perform their work indicated absence of control and direction); cf. Tianti v. William Raveis Real Estate, Inc., supra, 231 Conn. at 698, 651 A.2d 1286 (furnishing equipment or materials to perform work indicated control and direction); Latimer v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 216 Conn. at 250, 579 A.2d 497 (same). Although the installers/technicians were required to provide their services personally and were not permitted to subcontract or hire casual, pickup or day laborers, they could hire assistants to help them perform their work and could supervise the assistants as they saw fit. See Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. ofLabor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 394–95, 622 A.2d 622 (nurses' practice of trading shifts following assignment to facility without being required to report trades to plaintiff indicated absence of control and direction). Complaints regarding installation or other technical services and problems that arose during the warranty period originated with the customers and were referred to the plaintiff, who served as a conduit in reporting them to the installers/technicians and arranged for repairs or for payments by the installers/technicians to cover the cost of repairs by others. Cf. Latimer v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, at 250–51, 579 A.2d 497 (direct monitoring by plaintiff's attorney of care given to plaintiff indicated control and direction).

On matters of training and attire, the plaintiff did not provide the installers/technicians with an employee handbook and did not pay for their training or require any specific training relating to its products. Installers were encouraged, but not required, to display the plaintiff's name on their clothing and utility vehicles. Security system installers were required to display photographic identification badges that described them as subcontractors, not as the plaintiff's employees. The plaintiff provided the installers/technicians with shirts and hats labeled “Standard Oil,” but only because wearing these items might alleviate customer concern or confusion when the installers/technicians appeared at a customer's residence. Wearing the clothing was not required. See Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 396–97, 622 A.2d 622 (failing to conduct orientation for nurses or to require name tags while nurses worked at facilities indicated absence of control and direction); cf. Tianti v. William Raveis Real Estate, Inc., supra, 231 Conn. at 698, 651 A.2d 1286 (requiring salespersons to attend training sessions and to use company letterhead and business cards indicated control and direction).

The installers/technicians received compensation on the basis of a set rate per piece of work, rather than an hourly rate, could realize a profit or loss from the services rendered, and paid for their own transportation without reimbursement by the plaintiff. Cf. Latimer v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 216 Conn. at 250, 579 A.2d 497 (paying personal care assistants hourly rate and fact that they did not realize profit or suffer loss based on services indicated control and direction).

Although the installers/technicians remitted invoices to the plaintiff, we do not agree with the court in Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc., that this is indicative of control and direction. It is independent contractors, rather than employees, who typically submit invoices for their work. Neither the legal nor the ordinary definition of the term suggests that an employee is paid on the basis of an invoice. See Black's Law Dictionary (10th Ed.2014) p. 956 (defining “invoice” as “[a]n itemized list of goods or services furnished by a seller to a buyer, usu[ally] specifying the price and terms of sale; a bill of costs”); Webster's Third New International Dictionary (2002) p. 1190 (“an itemized statement furnished to a purchaser by a seller and usu[ally] specifying the price of goods or services and the terms of sale”). Moreover, references in Connecticut case law to the payment of invoices consistently appear in connection with payments made to contractors rather than to employees. See, e.g., Campisano v. Nardi, 212 Conn. 282, 286, 562 A.2d 1 (1989) (referring to money applied to payment of subcontractors based on invoices submitted and shown to plaintiffs); Ray Weiner, LLC v. Connery, 146 Conn.App. 1, 4, 75 A.3d 771 (2013) (referring to “invoices and moneys charged by subcontractors”); D'Angelo Development & Construction Corp. v. Cordovano, 121 Conn.App. 165, 189, 995 A.2d 79 (referring to invoices substantiating amounts claimed to be owed to subcontractors), cert. denied, 297 Conn. 923, 998 A.2d 167 (2010). The submission of invoices in this case is therefore indicative of the absence of control and direction.

We acknowledge the board's finding that five installers/technicians indicated in a questionnaire that the plaintiff had the right to direct how they performed their work. Although the board did not credit subsequent testimony by two of the five installers/technicians that the plaintiff had no such right, the statements in the questionnaires do not outweigh the board's numerous other findings in support of the conclusion that the plaintiff did not exercise control and direction over the installers/technicians.

The defendant argues that the plaintiff made arrangements with its customers regarding all of the installations and services, scheduled installation and service appointments with its customers and, in the event the installers/technicians accepted assignments, required them to perform their work within a designated timeframe set by the plaintiff and its customers. This argument, however, ignores the board's finding that the installers/technicians could accept or reject assignments simply on the basis of convenience and, as a consequence, had full control over how much work they did and when they did it. See Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 394, 622 A.2d 622 (plaintiff had no control over nurse's assignment because plaintiff's function, “after satisfying itself that a nurse was ‘competent,’ was fairly limited to arranging times mutually convenient for the nurse and the particular medical facility [at which] the nurse's services were to be rendered”); cf. Latimer v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 216 Conn. at 250, 579 A.2d 497 (plaintiff had control over personal care assistants because “[they] made known their hours of availability, [and] the plaintiff ․ established the hours when they were to work”).

The defendant also refers to evidence that the installers/technicians were limited to providing the installation or service they were sent by the plaintiff to perform, were not allowed to perform additional services without permission or direction from the plaintiff, and were required to perform the services personally insofar as they were not permitted to subcontract or use casual, pickup or day laborers when working in customers' homes. We disagree that these findings constitute evidence of control and direction. The fact that the installers/technicians were limited to performing only those services they were sent to perform and were not permitted to provide additional services without the plaintiff's permission has no bearing on whether the plaintiff exercised control and direction over the manner in which they performed the services they were contracted to perform. The contracts between the plaintiff and the installers/technicians defined their legal relationship, and it is the work that was required under the contractual relationship that must be examined to determine whether the installers/technicians were employees or independent contractors under the act. As for the plaintiff's restriction on the use of subcontractors or possibly unqualified workers to assist in performing the work, this restriction was more than overcome by the board's related finding that the installers/technicians were free to hire other presumably qualified workers to assist them in completing the project and could supervise these workers as they saw fit. Thus, given that the plaintiff never visited its customers' homes, it very likely never knew when the installers/technicians hired assistants or what the assistants did.

The defendant finally contends that the plaintiff supplied the installers/technicians with the means to do their work because the plaintiff determined the equipment to be installed for each project, required the installer to use parts supplied by the plaintiff, replaced some of the parts provided by the installers/technicians or reimbursed them for the parts. These parts included nozzles and strainers provided to the installers/technicians who serviced customers lacking heat or who needed their furnaces cleaned, and wires and “everything down to the screws” provided to security system installers. We do not agree that these facts constitute evidence of control and direction. The defendant blurs the line between the product that requires installation and the tools and equipment necessary to perform the installation. The board specifically found that the installers used their own equipment and tools to complete each project and that the installer did not pay for the product to be installed, which was provided by the plaintiff. The same was true for the technicians. Thus, insofar as the plaintiff supplied specialized parts such as nozzles and strainers in the case of heating equipment, or the special wires and screws required for the installation of security systems, those parts were more accurately understood as part of the product, especially in the case of security systems that required special wiring. The only exception appears to be the piping, tubing, fittings and cement necessary for boiler installation, which the board found were supplied by the boiler installers.

In sum, the defendant focuses on almost everything except the board's findings regarding the relevant provisions of the contract agreements between the plaintiff and the installers/technicians, and the means and methods used by the installers/technicians in performing their actual work. With respect to the former, the contract agreement provided that the installers/technicians “shall at all times exercise independent judgment and control in the execution of any work, job or project they accept.” With respect to the latter, the board found that the installers/technicians, who were licensed and certified in accordance with state law, were not trained by the plaintiff. In addition, they did not operate under an instruction manual provided by the plaintiff, they were not supervised by the plaintiff at the customers' homes, their work was not inspected by the plaintiff, there was no representative of the plaintiff on the customers' premises at any time during the installation projects, either while they were in progress or upon their completion, they were free to accept or reject any assignment and thus could choose the days on which they worked, they were paid on the basis of a set rate per project, they could realize a profit or loss depending on the difficulty of the particular job, they used their own equipment and tools to complete each project, and they were permitted to hire assistants whom they could supervise. Although the plaintiff imposed certain limitations on the installers/technicians, these limitations did not affect the manner in which they performed their work at the homes of the plaintiff's customers. In fact, the installers/technicians appeared to be in full control of their work at the customers' homes, and, to the extent the installers/technicians were monitored, they were not monitored by the plaintiff but by the customers, who were responsible for informing the plaintiff regarding any problems that arose in connection with an installation. Accordingly, we conclude that the plaintiff satisfied its burden of showing that the installers/technicians were free from its control and direction under part A of the ABC test.⁷

II

The plaintiff next claims that the trial court improperly interpreted the term “places of business” under part B of the ABC test. The plaintiff specifically contends that the trial court's interpretation of the phrase as including the sites of service, that is, the homes of its residential customers, was unreasonably broad, inconsistent with the purpose of the act, and would have the practical effect of preventing the plaintiff or any other Connecticut business from ever utilizing the services of an independent contractor. The defendant responds that the court properly agreed with the board that the plaintiff's place of business was not only the plaintiff's office, but the individual homes at which the plaintiff contracted to provide services to its customers. We agree with the plaintiff.

The following additional facts are relevant to our resolution of this claim. In concluding that the services of the installers/technicians were not performed outside the plaintiff's places of business, the board explained: “The [plaintiff] contracts directly with its customers to provide installation of its heating and cooling equipment and security systems in the customers' homes and to continue to service the equipment and monitor the security systems․ [T]he [plaintiff's] customer's homes have, by contract, become places of business of the [plaintiff] for purposes of part B of the ABC test․ [T]he [installers/technicians] represent the [plaintiff's] interest[s] when they are in the homes of the [plaintiff's] customers, and the [plaintiff] profits from the services that are performed in its customers' homes․ [T]he [plaintiff] does not merely broker contractor services but, rather, offers installation and servicing of heating and cooling equipment and security systems to the public. Moreover ․ the [plaintiff] contracts directly with the customers whose homes are the situs for the installers' and technicians' services.”

In responding to the plaintiff's claim that it would be impossible to utilize the services of an independent contractor under the board's interpretation of part B, the board further explained: “[T]he [plaintiff] advertises and sells installed heating and cooling equipment and security systems. It rarely sells equipment without also selling the installation of that equipment. Moreover, the [plaintiff] has long-term contracts with its customers to service its heating and cooling equipment and monitor its security systems. Therefore ․ the [plaintiff] ․ conducts an integral part of its business in [the] customers' homes.”

Following a review of the board's decision, the trial court examined the case law of other jurisdictions and concluded that “the board properly determined that the customers' locations were ․ place[s] of business of the plaintiff. The plaintiff engages the installers/[technicians] to perform certain tasks as part of a continuing provision of services at the customers' locations. Some of these tasks overlap with those performed by employees. Others are performed predominantly, and possibly exclusively, by putative independent contractors, but, nonetheless, the tasks are part of ongoing activity at the [customers'] location[s].” (Emphasis omitted.)

Whether the homes of the plaintiff's customers are “places of business” within the meaning of § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II) presents an issue of statutory interpretation. “The proper construction of this statute is a question of law over which we exercise plenary review․ When interpreting a statute, [o]ur fundamental objective is to ascertain and give effect to the apparent intent of the legislature․ The meaning of a statute shall, in the first instance, be ascertained from the text of the statute itself and its relationship to other statutes. If, after examining such text and considering such relationship, the meaning of such text is plain and unambiguous and does not yield absurd or unworkable results, extra-textual evidence of the meaning of the statute shall not be considered. General Statutes § 1–2z․ However, [w]hen a statute is not plain and unambiguous, we also look for interpretive guidance to the legislative history and circumstances surrounding its enactment, to the legislative policy it was designed to implement, and to its relationship to existing legislation and common law principles governing the same general subject matter․ A statute is ambiguous if, when read in context, it is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation․

“We recently have elaborated on the role of agency interpretations in cases involving questions of statutory construction. In such cases, the traditional deference accorded to an agency's interpretation of a statutory term is unwarranted when the construction of a statute ․ has not previously been subjected to judicial scrutiny [or to] ․ a governmental agency's time-tested interpretation․ Conversely, an agency's interpretation of a statute is accorded deference when the agency's interpretation has been formally articulated and applied for an extended period of time, and that interpretation is reasonable․ Deference is warranted in such circumstances because a time-tested interpretation, like judicial review, provides an opportunity for aggrieved parties to contest that interpretation. Moreover, in certain circumstances, the legislature's failure to make changes to a long-standing agency interpretation implies its acquiescence to the agency's construction of the statute․ For these reasons, this court long has adhered to the principle that when a governmental agency's time-tested interpretation [of a statute] is reasonable it should be accorded great weight by the courts.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Tuxis Ohr's Fuel, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 309 Conn. at 421–23, 72 A.3d 13.

Part B of the ABC test provides that “[s]ervice performed by an individual shall be deemed to be employment subject to this chapter ․ unless and until it is shown to the satisfaction of the administrator that ․ such service ․ is performed outside of all the places of business of the enterprise for which the service is performed․” General Statutes § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II). Although the statute makes clear that individual job sites are not necessarily synonymous with “the places of business of the enterprise for which the service is performed”; General Statutes § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II); there is no definition of “places of business” in the act to assist in understanding this distinction. We thus seek guidance from the statute's legislative history.

Section 31–222 (a)(1)(B)(ii) and several other amendments to the act were adopted by the legislature in 1971 to ensure compliance with the federal Employment Security Amendments of 1970, Pub.L. No. 91–373, 84 Stat. 695. See 14 H.R. Proc., Pt. 9, 1971 Sess., p. 4054, remarks of Representative Dominic J. Badolato. In fact, the legislature adopted language in § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II) that was “suggested by the United States Department of Labor․” Conn. Joint Standing Committee Hearings, Labor and Industrial Relations, 1971 Sess., p. 293. Other than a few fleeting references to this detail in the committee hearings and the legislative debate, however, there is no other discussion of the statutory language in the legislative history.

A related provision on the nonvoluntary liability of employers under the act, however, is contained in General Statutes § 31–223. That statute provides that, to determine whether an employer has a particular number of employees at any point in time for purposes of the act, any contractor or subcontractor who performs work for an employer shall be considered an employee under the act if the work “is part of [the] employer's usual trade, occupation, profession or business, and ․ is performed in, on or about the premises under such employer's control, [even] if such contractor or subcontractor shall not be subject to [the act]․” General Statutes § 31–223(a)(9)(B). The two principal criteria used to determine whether an independent contractor or subcontractor may be deemed an employee under this provision, namely, whether the contractor's or subcontractor's work is (1) in furtherance of the employer's usual course of business, and (2) is performed in, on or around premises “under such employer's control,” are nearly identical to the two prongs described in part B of the ABC test in § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II).

The importance of this confluence of language pertaining to the places where independent contractors perform their work cannot be underestimated. In construing multiple statutes on the same subject, “we are guided by the principle that the legislature is always presumed to have created a harmonious and consistent body of law․ Legislation never is written on a clean slate, nor is it ever read in isolation or applied in a vacuum. Every new act takes its place as a component of an extensive and elaborate system of written laws․ Construing statutes by reference to others advances [the values of harmony and consistency within the law]. In fact, courts have been said to be under a duty to construe statutes harmoniously where that can reasonably be done․ Moreover, statutes must be construed, if possible, such that no clause, sentence or word shall be superfluous, void or insignificant․” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Nizzardo v. State Traffic Commission, 259 Conn. 131, 157–58, 788 A.2d 1158 (2002). Thus, the most harmonious reading of the two provisions would be to construe “places of business,” as used in § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II), in light of the more specific definition provided in § 31–223(a).

Nevertheless, because of the difference in language, we do not deem § 31–223(a)(9)(B) to be dispositive at this early stage of our analysis but also consider other interpretive tools. It is well established that “[w]here a statute does not define a term it is appropriate to look to the common understanding expressed in the law and in dictionaries.” Caldor, Inc. v. Heffernan, 183 Conn. 566, 570–71, 440 A.2d 767 (1981). Common dictionaries contain no definition of the term “place of business.” Black's Law Dictionary, however, defines “place of business” as “[a] location at which one carries on a business.” Black's Law Dictionary, supra, at p. 1334. A “business” is further defined as “[a] commercial enterprise carried on for profit; a particular occupation or employment habitually engaged in for livelihood or gain.” Id., at p. 239, 440 A.2d 767. Both of these definitions, however, lack the specificity required to be of value in the present context.

There is likewise no long-standing agency interpretation of the phrase to assist in determining when services are performed outside the places of business of the enterprise. Rather, the board has reached different conclusions based on the facts and circumstances of individual cases. See, e.g., Benitz v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, Employment Security Appeals Division, Board of Review, Case No. 9004–BR–10 (October 7, 2010) (customers' homes were not considered places of business for purposes of antenna dish installation because, even though enterprise controlled scheduling, performance and financial aspects of installers' services, customers entered into contracts for installation with enterprise contractor rather than enterprise); Alward v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, Employment Security Appeals Division, Board of Review, Case No. 9008–BR–93 (June 20, 1995) (party and entertainment sites were not considered places of business because enterprise planned and coordinated parties and events by telephone from home office and did not manage or control performance of services at party or entertainment sites); Greatorex v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, Employment Security Appeals Division, Board of Review, Case No. 1169–BR–88 (January 9, 1989) (construction sites secured by contract were considered places of business because enterprise was licensed as home improvement contractor and subcontractors performed electrical and plumbing services at same sites at which enterprise's employees performed carpentry services).⁸ As a consequence, it is difficult to derive any general principles from the agency's interpretations that would be helpful in the present case.

We thus turn to two Superior Court cases that have interpreted “places of business” under part B of the ABC test.⁹ In JSF Promotions, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, at Superior Court, Docket No. CV–97–0575801, the court concluded that the services of product demonstrators, who entered into contracts with the plaintiff to work in supermarkets, were performed outside the plaintiff's place of business. The court stated that the supermarkets were entirely separate enterprises from that of the plaintiff and that the plaintiff's business was “essentially to serve as a broker or intermediary between the supermarkets, the manufacturers, and the demonstrators․ As such, [the plaintiff's] place of business is not the supermarkets where the demonstrators work but, rather, where the plaintiff does its own work, that is, in its own office.” Id. Similarly, in Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc., the court concluded that nurses who contracted with the plaintiff to provide nursing care on a temporary basis to various health-care facilities did not work at the plaintiff's place of business following assignment to the client's location because the plaintiff was not in the business of providing patient care but of brokering nursing personnel. Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 402, 622 A.2d 622. The court explained that nursing services were a function beyond what the plaintiff held itself out as performing, and, therefore, the client locations where services were performed were not within the plaintiff's business enterprise. Id., at 403, 622 A.2d 622. These two decisions, however, like the agency's decisions, are highly fact specific and do not purport to define “places of business” in a manner that would be generally applicable in other contexts.

In the absence of a time-tested agency interpretation or any clear agreement on a defining principle in the Superior Court decisions, it has been our practice to examine the case law of other jurisdictions that have adopted the ABC test. See JSF Promotions, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 265 Conn. at 421–22, 828 A.2d 609. A review of these cases, however, reveals a similar lack of consensus. Some courts have concluded that services performed at sites other than the office locations of the enterprise or its physical plant are not places of business because the business functions as a broker and the services performed at the sites are not an integral part of the enterprise or because treating them as places of business would have unacceptable economic consequences, such as higher business costs. See, e.g., Sinclair Builders, Inc. v. Unemployment Ins. Commission, 73 A.3d 1061, 1065, 1067, 1072–73 (Me.2013) (job sites at which workers performed carpentry, plumbing, heating, electrical and other services for construction company were not places of business because, although employer's place of business may include location where employer has significant and business-related presence, extending places of business to construction job sites would preclude construction companies from satisfying part B of ABC test when hiring independent contractors and thus have negative economic effects on construction industry, which would be inconsistent with legislature's intent); Athol Daily News v. Board ofReview, 439 Mass. 171, 179, 786 N.E.2d 365 (2003) (geographic areas covered by carriers for newspaper delivery enterprise were not places of business because, although carriers picked up newspapers at company's distribution center, delivery locations such as homes, stores, bundle drops and vending machines were “outside of premises owned by the [enterprise] or which could fairly be deemed its ‘places of business” ’); Commissioner of the Division of Unemployment Assistance v. Town Taxi of Cape Cod, Inc., 68 Mass.App. 426, 431, 862 N.E.2d 430 (2007) (geographic area covered by drivers for taxicab enterprise were not places of business because, even though taxicabs were stored and dispatch system was operated at business premises, drivers “did not transport customers on those premises ․ were not confined to a specific geographical location and were free to choose locations where they would look for passengers” [citation omitted] ); Burns v. Labor & Industrial Relations Commission, Missouri Court of Appeals, Docket No. WD 44749 (Mo.App. March 31, 1992) (job sites at which roofers worked for roofing enterprise were not places of business because only place of business was home of business owner), aff'd, 845 S.W.2d 553 (Mo.1993); Metro Renovation, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, 249 Neb. 337, 347, 543 N.W.2d 715 (1996) (rejecting rationale that job sites at which tradespeople performed construction work for remodeling and renovation enterprise were places of business because it would preclude any construction company from meeting requirements of law and render worksite “meaningless as a test to determine what constitutes an independent contractor in the construction industry”); Carpet Remnant Warehouse, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, 125 N.J. 567, 592, 593 A.2d 1177 (1991) (homes where installers performed services for carpet company were not places of business because phrase “refers only to those locations where the enterprise has a physical plant or conducts an integral part of its business”); Barney v. Dept. of Employment Security, 681 P.2d 1273, 1275 (Utah 1984) (construction sites at which nailers and finishers performed services for drywall contracting enterprise were not places of business because owner had home office, nailers and finishers could work at other locations during day, including private residential sites, and, “[i]f the job-site definition of ‘places of business' were to be utilized for construction workers, any unemployment question involving a subcontractor on a construction site would result in coverage under the [Utah Employment Security Act, which] is not the intent of [that] act”).

In contrast, other courts have extended the meaning of “places of business” beyond headquarters, office premises or physical plants to locations such as homes, roadways, transportation routes, or logging and construction sites because they have concluded that representation of the interest of the enterprise by workers at these locations renders them places of business. Under this broad interpretation, places of business may include the entire area in which the enterprise's business is conducted. See, e.g., Clayton v. State, 598 P.2d 84, 86 (Alaska 1979) (state owned parcel where workers harvested timber for enterprise involved in processing lumber was place of business because enterprise had contract to harvest timber on logging site); Mamo Transportation, Inc. v. Williams, 375 Ark. 97, 101, 103, 289 S.W.3d 79 (2008) (roadways on which workers drove vehicles were places of business for enterprise that provided “ ‘drive-away’ service” by transporting customers' vehicles from origin to destination throughout United States and Canada because place of business is “the place where the enterprise is performed,” and enterprise for which service of transporting vehicles is performed takes place “in the vehicle itself between the point of origin and the point of destination”); TNT Cable Contractors, Inc. v. Director, Dept. of Workforce Services, Arkansas Court of Appeals, Docket No. E–14224 (Ark.App. February 11, 2015) (cable installation sites and connecting roadways were places of business for enterprise providing cable installation and other technical services because they were places where services were performed); Home Care Professionals of Arkansas, Inc. v. Williams, 95 Ark.App. 194, 199, 235 S.W.3d 536 (2006) (homes where workers took care of elderly clients for home care referral enterprise were places of business because “the representation of an entity's interest by an individual on a premises renders the premises a place of the employer's business,” and caregivers represented enterprise's stated interests of providing home care for elderly while in client's homes, which resulted in profits for enterprise); Carpetland U.S.A., Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, 201 Ill.2d 351, 391, 267 Ill.Dec. 29, 776 N.E.2d 166 (2002) (customers' homes where workers took measurements for floor covering enterprise were places of business because “place of business extends to any location where workers regularly represent its interest,” and, thus, when measurers visit customers' premises to take measurements necessary for quoting prices and closing sales, they represent enterprise's interests); L.A. McMahon Building Maintenance, Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, 32 N.E.3d 131, 142 (Ill.App.2015) (customers' homes where workers washed windows for enterprise providing window washing services were places of business because “[a]n employing unit's place of business extends to any location where workers regularly represent its interests,” and window washers represented enterprise interests when they worked at customers' homes); Chicago Messenger Service v. Jordan, 356 Ill.App.3d 101, 115–16, 292 Ill.Dec. 59, 825 N.E.2d 315 (roadways on which workers drove vehicles were places of business for enterprise providing courier service involving pick up and delivery of packages from one location to another), appeal denied, 215 Ill.2d 594, 295 Ill.Dec. 519, 833 N.E.2d 1 (2005); McPherson Timberlands, Inc. v. Unemployment Ins. Commission, 714 A.2d 818, 823 (Me.1998) (logging sites at which worker harvested timber for timber management and marketing enterprise were places of business because enterprise had “significant and business-related presence at the location” due to its “contractual relationship with the landowner, its interest in the timber on the property, and its physical presence on the property,” and, accordingly, “the property was within [the] business territory [of the enterprise]”); Vermont Institute of Community Involvement, Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, 140 Vt. 94, 99, 436 A.2d 765 (1981) (offsite locations where adjunct faculty taught courses for educational institution were places of business even though they were outside home office because places of business include “the entire area in which [the institution] conducts [its] business”).

Even if we limit our review to cases in which services were performed at customers' homes, courts have reached different conclusions, with one jurisdiction concluding that homes were not places of business for the purpose of carpet installation; Carpet Remnant Warehouse, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, at 125 N.J. 592; and two other jurisdictions concluding that homes were places of business for the purpose of providing home care to elderly clients; Home Care Professionals of Arkansas, Inc. v. Williams, supra, at 95 Ark.App. 199; measuring the premises for floor covering; Carpetland U.S.A., Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, supra, at 201 Ill.2d 391; and window washing. L.A. McMahon Building Maintenance, Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, supra, at 32 N.E.3d 142.

We conclude, on the basis of our review of the case law and our examination of the broader statutory scheme, that two principles should govern our construction of part B of the ABC test. The first principle relates to the harmonious construction of related statutes. As previously discussed, the statutory scheme has provided for nearly eighty years, well before the legislature adopted the ABC test in 1971, that an independent contractor may be considered an employee under the act if the contractor worked “on or about the premises under such employer's control․” General Statutes § 31–223(a)(9)(B). Thus, in order to effect a harmonious interpretation of §§ 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II) and 31–223(a)(9)(B), a reviewing court should consider the extent to which the employer exercised control over the location where the independent contractor worked when construing part B of the ABC test. The fact that the language in the two provisions is not identical is of little import. The language used in the ABC test was adopted in order to comply with federal law and was suggested by the United States Department of Labor, and there is no evidence that the legislature understood that language as broadening the criteria under which an independent contractor could be considered an employee beyond the criteria that had existed for more than thirty years under § 31–223(a).¹⁰

The second principle relates to the conjunctive nature of the test, which suggests that no one part of the test should be construed so broadly—and, therefore, made so difficult or impossible to meet—that the other two parts of the test are rendered superfluous. Under this principle, we reject the broad interpretation adopted by some of our sister states that the meaning of “places of business” in the present context should extend to all locations where the installers/technicians performed their services; see Mamo Transportation, Inc. v. Williams, supra, at 375 Ark. 101, 103; or regularly represented the interests of the plaintiff; see Carpetland U.S.A., Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, supra, at 201 Ill.2d 391; because doing so would make it far more difficult for employers to satisfy part B of the test when they hire independent contractors to work at locations apart from their offices or physical plants. See Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 389–90, 622 A.2d 622 (“[t]he exemption [under the act] becomes meaningless if it does not exempt anything from the statutory provisions ․ where the law and the facts merit the exemption in a given case” [citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted] ). The fact that part B provides a choice between two alternative criteria that may be satisfied by employers who seek to challenge application of the act does not resolve the problem created by an overly broad interpretation of the term “places of business.” The choice is provided precisely because the burden of proof required under the test is so difficult to sustain. Adopting a broad interpretation of part B would deprive employers of that choice and, in some cases, could make the exemption provided under the ABC test meaningless by increasing this already heavy burden.

We therefore conclude that the meaning of “places of business” in the present context should not be extended to the homes in which the installers/technicians worked, unaccompanied by the plaintiff's employees and without the plaintiff's supervision. The homes of the plaintiff's customers, unlike the plaintiff's business offices, warehouses and other facilities, were under the homeowners' control. Regardless of whether the plaintiff “conduct[ed] an integral part of its business in customers' homes,” as noted by the board, it was not the plaintiff but the homeowners who (1) determined when access to their homes was convenient, (2) brought the installers/technicians to locations inside their homes and elsewhere on their property where equipment was to be installed, and (3) identified problems with the installation process or with the newly installed equipment during the warranty period. Accordingly, we conclude that the homes of the plaintiff's customers were not “places of business” under part B of the ABC test.

This interpretation not only comports with our well established case law on the distinction between an employee and an independent contractor, and with the related statutory provision in § 31–223(a)(9)(B), but is consistent with the defendant's published guidelines for determining the status of workers as independent contractors or employees under § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II). The Unemployment Compensation Tax Division, which operates within the Department of Labor (department), publishes a document entitled “Self–Assessment of the Employer–Employee Relationship for CT Unemployment Taxes,” which is “designed to allow [the enterprise] to perform a self-examination of the status of workers in [the enterprise] whom [it] consider[s] to be independent contractors.” Unemployment Compensation Tax Division, Employment Security Division, “Self–Assessment of the Employer–Employee Relationship for CT Unemployment Taxes,” p. 1, available at https://www.ctdol.state.ct.us/uitax/abctest.doc (last visited February 25, 2016). The section pertaining to part B of the ABC test instructs in capital letters and boldface type that “Answering Either of These Questions [‘No’] Will Satisfy This Test.” Id., at p. 4, 622 A.2d 622. The second question, which is described as the factor relating to “Outside Employer's Premises,” then asks: “Does the individual perform any of the work on the firm's premises?” Id. This language indicates not only that the department has traditionally understood places of business as premises controlled by the enterprise, but that business entities have been operating under the same understanding, and, therefore, any departure from this view in the present case would require a change in department practice.

We also avoid a broad interpretation of “places of business” in the present context because of certain undesirable, practical consequences that might follow, including the taxing of two different business entities for the same worker and the receipt of benefits by the unemployed worker from both entities, as when an enterprise hires an independent contractor who operates a sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability company or corporation that also pays unemployment contribution taxes for workers it sends to perform services for another enterprise. Furthermore, it makes no sense for an individual's home to be considered a place of business when the enterprise has no office in the home and the sanctity of the home and the privacy interests of its residents have long been recognized in our jurisprudence. See, e .g., Simms v. Chaisson, 277 Conn. 319, 334–35, 890 A.2d 548 (2006). Finally, as the Connecticut Business and Industry Association, Inc., argues in its amicus brief, a broad interpretation in this context could turn every Connecticut household into a place of business for any company that performs services at a customer's home, thus profoundly limiting an employer's ability to subcontract work.

The dissent's heavy reliance on the fact that we have declared the statute remedial in prior cases is insufficient reason to conclude that the homes of the plaintiff's customers are places of business under § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II). The United States Supreme Court has concluded that the term “remedial” is vastly overused and often is misunderstood because “almost every statute might be described as remedial in the sense that all statutes are designed to remedy some problem. And even if the [United States Supreme] Court identified some subset of statutes as especially remedial, the [c]ourt has emphasized that no legislation pursues its purposes at all costs. Rodriguez v. United States, 480 U.S. 522, 525–26, 107 S.Ct. 1391, 94 L.Ed.2d 533 (1987)․ [Legislative] intent is discerned primarily from the statutory text.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) CTS Corp. v. Waldburger, U.S., ––– U.S. ––––, ––––, 134 S.Ct. 2175, 2185, 189 L.Ed.2d 62 (2014). In other words, “the plain meaning of the statute and the role of legislative compromise restrain the application of the remedial canon of statutory interpretation.” Waldburger v. CTS Corp., 723 F.3d 434, 452 (4th Cir.) (Thacker, J., dissenting), rev'd, U.S., ––– U.S. ––––, 134 S.Ct. 2175, 189 L.Ed.2d 62 (2014). As one federal court has cogently noted, “[s]tatutes do more than point in a direction․ They achieve a particular amount of [their] objective, at a particular cost in other interests. An agency cannot treat a statute as authorizing an indefinite march in a single direction. [N]o legislation pursues its purposes at all costs. Deciding what competing values will or will not be sacrificed to the achievement of a particular objective is the very essence of legislative choice—and it frustrates rather than effectuates legislative intent simplistically to assume that whatever furthers the statute's primary objective must be the law. Rodriguez v. United States, [supra, at 525–26]․” (Citations omitted; emphasis omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Contract Courier Services, Inc. v. Research & Special Programs Administration, 924 F.2d 112, 115 (7th Cir.1991). Rather, “after [it is] determine[d] that a law favors some group, the question becomes: How much does it favor them? Knowing that a law is remedial does not tell a court how far to go. Every statute has a stopping point, beyond which, [the legislature has] concluded, the costs of doing more are excessive—or beyond which the interest groups opposed to the law were able to block further progress. A court must determine not only the direction in which a law points but also how far to go in that direction.” (Emphasis omitted.) Stomper v. Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 241, 27 F.3d 316, 320 (7th Cir.1994), citing Rodriguez v. United States, supra, at 525–26. In the present case, the ABC test provides for such a stopping point, and the underlying remedial purpose of the act as a whole should not be invoked to interfere with the legislature's intent of exempting employers from their obligation to pay unemployment taxes when they hire independent contractors to perform work for the enterprise. In other words, because all portions of a statute are not intended to have a remedial effect, the application of the remedial canon of statutory interpretation should be restrained in order to effectuate the legislative compromise represented by the exemption provision in § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II). See, e.g., Waldburger v. CTS Corp., supra, at 452 (Thacker, J., dissenting).

Having determined that the plaintiff's places of business did not extend to the homes of its residential customers, we conclude that the trial court improperly upheld the board's determination that the plaintiff failed to satisfy part B of the ABC test.¹¹

The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded with direction to render judgment sustaining the plaintiff's appeal.

I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion because I believe that its interpretation of the test set forth in General Statutes § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii) for determining whether an employer-employee relationship existed (ABC test) effectively rewrites that test and fails to give one part of it the full significance that clearly is required. In so doing, the majority lowers the high, legislatively set bar that an enterprise must surmount in order to avoid making contributions to the state's unemployment compensation fund (fund) pursuant to General Statutes § 31–225.

More particularly, I disagree with the majority's determination that the trial court and the Employment Security Appeals Division, Board of Review (board), improperly concluded that the plaintiff, Standard Oil of Connecticut, Inc., was required to make contributions to the fund because it failed to prove all three parts of the ABC test as is necessary for a putative employer to be exempt from such contributions. My review of the record and the applicable law, considered with reference to the remedial purpose of the Unemployment Compensation Act (act); General Statutes § 31–222 et seq.; leads me to conclude that the plaintiff clearly failed to prove either subpart of part B of that test. See General Statutes § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II). Because the failure to prove any part of the ABC test is dispositive, I do not reach the question of whether the plaintiff also failed to prove part A of the test.¹

The defendant, the administrator of the act, determined, and the board and trial court agreed, that the relationship between the plaintiff and the technicians and installers at issue was one of employment, as contemplated by § 31–222(a)(1), thereby making the plaintiff liable for contributions to the fund pursuant to the act. Our review of that determination is largely deferential. In regard to factual findings, “[r]eview of an administrative agency decision requires a court to determine whether there is substantial evidence in the administrative record to support the agency's findings of basic fact and whether the conclusions drawn from those facts are reasonable․ Neither this court nor the trial court may retry the case or substitute its own judgment for that of the administrative agency on the weight of the evidence or questions of fact.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) JSF Promotions, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, 265 Conn. 413, 417, 828 A.2d 609 (2003). Rather, “[a]n agency's factual and discretionary determinations are to be accorded considerable weight by the courts.”² (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 417–18, 828 A.2d 609.

At the same time, however, if “the issue is one of law, the court has the broader responsibility of determining whether the administrative action resulted from an incorrect application of the law to the facts found or could not reasonably or logically have followed from such facts. Although the court may not substitute its own conclusions for those of the administrative board, it retains the ultimate obligation to determine whether the administrative action was unreasonable, arbitrary, illegal or an abuse of discretion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Mattatuck Museum–Mattatuck Historical Society v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, 238 Conn. 273, 276, 679 A.2d 347 (1996).

The present matter requires an interpretation of § 31222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II), part B of the ABC test, which has not been subject to much judicial or agency examination. In regard to issues of statutory construction, “[g]enerally, [o]ur review of an agency's decision on questions of law is limited by the traditional deference that we have accorded to that agency's interpretation of the acts it is charged with enforcing.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Church Homes, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, 250 Conn. 297, 303, 735 A.2d 805 (1999). Nevertheless, “[i]t is well settled ․ that we do not defer to the board's construction of a statute—a question of law—when, as in the present case, the [provision] at issue previously ha[s] not been subjected to judicial scrutiny or when the board's interpretation has not been time tested.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) JSF Promotions, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 265 Conn. at 418, 828 A.2d 609. In such a case, our review of the interpretation of that provision is plenary. Id.

It is well established that the act is remedial legislation that was intended “to protect those who are at risk of unemployment [and its tragic consequences] if their relationship with a particular employer is terminated”; id., at 420, 828 A.2d 609; see also Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, 42 Conn.Supp. 376, 411, 622 A.2d 622 (1992), aff'd, 225 Conn. 99, 622 A.2d 518 (1993); and, therefore, that the act should be liberally construed in favor of those whom it is intended to benefit. Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, at 411, 622 A.2d 622. The legislature expressly has mandated that the act “be construed, interpreted and administered in such manner as to presume coverage, eligibility and non disqualification in doubtful cases.” General Statutes § 31274(c).

Pursuant to the act, the existence of an employment relationship triggers the responsibility of employers to make contributions that fund unemployment benefits. The act “defines employment in ․ § 31–222(a)(1). In addition to codifying the common-law rules applicable to determine the existence of an employer-employee relationship, the act was amended in 1971 to include the so-called ‘ABC test,’ now set forth in [subparts] I, II and III of § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii).” F.A.S. International, Inc. v. Reilly, 179 Conn. 507, 511, 427 A.2d 392 (1980); see also Public Acts 1971, No. 835, §§ 1 through 3. Because the ABC test defines employment more broadly than the common law, in Connecticut and other jurisdictions using that test, “service may be employment and one may be an employee [for purposes of the act] even if the common-law relationship of master and servant does not exist․” Id.; see also L.A. McMahon Building Maintenance, Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, 32 N.E.3d 131, 141 (Ill.App.2015); Athol Daily News v. Board of Review of the Division of Employment & Training, 439 Mass. 171, 177 n. 10, 786 N.E.2d 365 (2003); Fleeman v. Nebraska Pork Partners, Docket No. S–08–0476, 2009 WL 6964983, *4 (Neb. January 22, 2009); Fleece on Earth v. Dept. ofEmployment & Training, 181 Vt. 458, 463, 923 A.2d 594 (2007).³

A business enterprise claiming exemption from payment of unemployment taxes pursuant to the ABC test has the burden of proving that it comes within that statutory exemption, which must be strictly construed. Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 389, 622 A.2d 622. “In order to demonstrate that [it] is not an employer and therefore has no liability for unemployment taxes under the act, a recipient of services must show that [it] has satisfied the criteria necessary to establish nonliability under all three prongs of the ABC test․ The test is conjunctive; all parts must be satisfied to exclude [a recipient of services] from the [a]ct.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Latimer v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, 216 Conn. 237, 246–47, 579 A.2d 497 (1990). Stated otherwise, an enterprise's failure to establish any single part of the test is dispositive, and necessarily will result in a determination that the relationship at issue is one of employment.

Pursuant to the ABC test, an individual will not be considered an employee of an enterprise if the enterprise can prove that, “[A] such individual has been and will continue to be free from control and direction in connection with the performance of such service, both under his contract for the performance of service and in fact; and [B] such service is performed either outside the usual course of the business for which the service is performed or is performed outside of all the places of business of the enterprise for which the service is performed; and [C] such individual is customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, profession or business of the same nature as that involved in the service performed․ General Statutes § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(I)(II) and (III).” (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) Matta-tuck Museum–Mattatuck Historical Society v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 238 Conn. at 1277–78, 680 A.2d 311.

Part B of the ABC test is stated in the disjunctive. Consequently, an enterprise such as the plaintiff may satisfy part B by establishing either that the workers at issue performed services outside of the usual course of the enterprise's business, or that they performed services outside of all of the enterprise's places of business. See General Statutes § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II). In my view, the board and the trial court correctly concluded that the plaintiff had failed to satisfy either of these alternatives.

In regard to the first subpart of part B, to decide whether the work at issue was within an enterprise's “usual course of business,” a court should examine the specific business activities in which the enterprise engages and determine which of those activities are performed “on a regular or continuous basis.” Id., at 279–80, 680 A.2d 311. If the activities performed by the workers at issue are “not performed [by the enterprise] on a regular or continuous basis, then the [enterprise] has satisfied [subpart one of part] B [by showing that] the activit[ies][are] ‘outside the usual course of the business' of the enterprise.” Id., at 280, 680 A.2d 311. An activity need not comprise the majority of an enterprise's business or its primary line of work in order to be within the enterprise's usual course of business, as long as it is performed with the requisite frequency. Thus, when an activity is undertaken by an enterprise “as an isolated instance,” the activity will not be held to be within the enterprise's “ ‘usual course of business,” ’ but when the enterprise engages in that activity “as a regular or continuous practice, the activity will constitute part of the enterprise's usual course of business irrespective of its substantiality in relation to the other activities engaged in by the enterprise.” Id.

In determining what activities comprise an enterprise's usual course of business, a court should consider evidence of the actual conduct of the enterprise, as well as various indicators of what that enterprise holds itself out to the public to be. Such indicators may include the statements of the enterprise's owners or principals, as well as the enterprise's official business documents or promotional materials. See id., at 282, 680 A.2d 311 (brochures offering art classes were evidence that classes were part of museum's usual course of business); New Haven Country Club Corp. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven, Docket No. CV–970404924–S (September 17, 1999) (golf equipment imagery on insignia and golf course map on restaurant menu were evidence that golf was part of country club's usual course of business); Jori Enterprises, LLC v. Director, Dept. of Workforce Services, 2015 Ark.App. 634, 474 S.W.3d 910, 914 (2015) (statements on website were evidence that in-home tutoring was company's normal course of business); McPherson Timberlands, Inc. v. Unemployment Ins. Commission, 714 A.2d 818, 819 (Me.1998) (advertisements and contracts with landowners were evidence that timber harvesting was part of timber management and marketing company's usual course of business); Appeal ofNiadni, Inc., 166 N.H. 256, 257–58, 93 A.3d 728 (2014) (print and online advertisements were evidence that live entertainment was part of resort's usual course of business); Bros. Construction Co. v. Employment Commission, 26 Va.App. 286, 290–91, 494 S.E.2d 478 (1998) (company president's testimony was evidence that siding installation was part of usual course of business of company that installed siding, gutters and downspouts on residential and other buildings); but see Carpetland, USA, Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, 201 Ill.2d 351, 355–56, 267 Ill.Dec. 29, 776 N.E.2d 166 (2002) (carpet installation not part of carpet seller's usual course of business where seller expressly limited its business to sales, making clear in sales agreements that installation with subcontractor needed to be arranged separately). In short, “a purported employer's own definition of its business is indicative of the usual course of that business.” Sebago v. Boston Cab Dispatch, Inc., 471 Mass. 321, 333, 28 N.E.3d 1139 (2015).

In Mattatuck Museum–Mattatuck Historical Society v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, supra, 238 Conn. at 282, 679 A.2d 347, we concluded that instructors retained to teach art courses at an art museum were employees of the museum for purposes of the act because those art courses were part of the museum's “ ‘usual course of business,’ “ even though the museum “operate[d] largely as an exhibition hall for regional historic artifacts and art.” Id., at 274, 679 A.2d 347. The museum had utilized instructors to teach art courses for several years. Id., 282, 679 A.2d 347. Moreover, it had held itself out to the public as offering such courses by “distribut[ing] brochures announcing the courses, class hours, location, registration fees, and the instructors' names.” Id. From those materials, “the general public could infer that the art courses were a regular part of the [museum's] business.” Id.

In the present matter, it is not disputed that about 10 percent of the plaintiff's business is devoted to the installation, service and repair of heating and cooling equipment and security systems,⁴ and that these services have been performed routinely on an ongoing basis. As the board's decision explains: “[T]he [plaintiff] is an oil company which advertises and sells heating and cooling equipment and security systems. The vast majority of the heating and cooling equipment and security systems sold by the [plaintiff] are installed by the installers [at issue] on behalf of the [plaintiff]. The [plaintiff] specifically advertises the sale of installed heating and cooling equipment and security systems, and it contracts directly with its customers regarding that installation. The [plaintiff's] vice president, David Cohen, testified that the [plaintiff] sells security systems and heating and cooling equipment in the normal course of its business, and that it typically sells installation along with the equipment. Cohen testified that only ‘rarely’ will the [plaintiff] sell a security system or heating and cooling equipment and not sell the installation.”(Emphasis in original.) The board also found that “the [plaintiff] has employees [on payroll] who clean and service its heating and cooling equipment, in addition to the [contract] technicians․”⁵

In light of the foregoing, I can find no fault with the board's conclusion that the weight of the evidence compelled a conclusion that the services performed by the installers and technicians at issue were not outside the usual course of the plaintiff's business. The plaintiff did not provide the services at issue in isolated instances, but rather, did so on a regular and continuous basis. It is of no moment that the work comprised a minority of the plaintiff's business activities overall. The plaintiff, through its public facing advertisements and dealings with its customers, held itself out as a seller and installer of heating and cooling equipment and security systems. Cohen, the plaintiff's vice president, essentially conceded that equipment installation services were part and parcel of the plaintiff's offerings. The presence of technicians on the plaintiff's payroll demonstrates further that service work is regularly performed by the plaintiff. I readily conclude, therefore, that the plaintiff failed to prove that subpart one of part B of the ABC test was satisfied as to both the installers and the technicians at issue.⁶

I turn next to the second subpart of part B of the ABC test, namely, whether the services at issue are “performed outside of all the places of business of the enterprise for which the service is performed․” General Statutes § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II). Because it is beyond dispute that the plaintiff failed to prove subpart one of part B, it was crucial for it to prove subpart two to avoid liability for contributions to the fund pursuant to the act.

Hewing closely to the remedial purpose of unemployment compensation statutes and the concomitant requirement that they be construed liberally to effectuate their purpose, many courts have concluded that the phrase “places of business” encompasses not just the office space or other premises that are an enterprise's base of operations, but also customer locations or other remote sites where the enterprise carries on a major portion of its business activities. Specifically, the phrase “places of business” has been construed to include: parcels of land owned by third parties, for harvesters of timber; Clayton v. State, 598 P.2d 84, 86 (Alaska 1979); McPherson Timberlands, Inc. v. Unemployment Ins. Commission, supra, at 714 A.2d 823; Miller v. Employment Security Dept., 3 Wash.App. 503, 506, 476 P.2d 138 (1970); roadways, for a transporter of large vehicles; Mamo Transportation, Inc. v. Williams, 375 Ark. 97, 103, 289 S.W.3d 79 (2008); a messenger service; Chicago Messenger Service v. Jordan, 356 Ill.App.3d 101, 116, 292 Ill.Dec. 59, 825 N.E.2d 315 (2005); a vehicle repossessor; Midwest Property Recovery, Inc. v. Job Service ofNorth Dakota, 475 N.W.2d 918, 924 (N.D.1991); and a taxicab business;⁷ Employment Security Commission v. Laramie Cabs, Inc., 700 P.2d 399, 407 (Wyo.1985); hotel meeting rooms, for a real estate association providing continuing education to its members; Missouri Assn. of Realtors v. Division of Employment Security, 761 S.W.2d 660, 664 (Mo.App.1988); remote class sites, for a decentralized academic institution; Vermont Institute of Community Involvement, Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, 140 Vt. 94, 99, 436 A.2d 765 (1981); and customer homes, for providers of home health-care services; Home Care Professionals of Arkansas, Inc. v. Williams, 95 Ark.App. 194, 199, 235 S.W.3d 536 (2006); in-home tutoring services; Jori Enterprises, LLC v. Director, Dept. of Workforce Services, supra, at 474 S.W.3d 914; cable television installation services; TNT Cable Contractors, Inc. v. Director, Dept. of Workforce Services, 2015 Ark.App. 79, *5, 2015 WL 590249 (2015); window washing services; L.A. McMahon Building Maintenance, Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, supra, at 32 N .E.3d 143; carpet measuring services; Car-petland U.S.A., Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, supra, at 201 Ill.2d 391;⁸ and siding installation services. Brothers Construction Co. v. Employment Commission, supra, at 26 Va.App. 297.⁹

These decisions appear to recognize that there is nothing inherent in work carried on in disbursed locations that renders those who perform it less subject to unemployment, and the hardships that it causes, than those who work in fixed locations maintained by their employers. In determining that the locations at issue were the enterprises' places of business, the courts have invoked such considerations as: whether, realistically, the services offered by the enterprise were performed at the location in question; see Mamo Transportation, Inc. v. Williams, supra, at 375 Ark. 103 (summarizing cases); whether workers regularly represent the enterprise's business interests at the location in question; see Carpetland U.S.A., Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, supra, at 201 Ill.2d 391; whether the enterprise has a significant and business related presence at the location in question; McPherson Timberlands, Inc. v. Unemployment Ins. Commission, supra, at 714 A .2d 822–23; whether the enterprise has contracted with the owner of the premises at issue to perform work there; see Clayton v. State, supra, at 598 P.2d 86; McPherson Timberlands, Inc. v. Unemployment Ins. Commission, supra, at 823; and whether the very nature of the business activities in question dictated that they be performed in places outside the enterprise's own physical premises. See L.A. McMahon Building Maintenance, Inc. v. Dept. of Employment Security, supra, at 32 N.E.2d 143; compare O'Dell v. Director, Dept. of Workforce Services, 2014 Ark.App. 504, 442 S.W.3d 897, 900 (2014) (where medical note transcriptionists could have performed transcription services at enterprise's business office, but instead did work wherever they chose, work sites were not enterprise's places of business).

Another line of cases makes clear that, where an enterprise itself does not provide a service, but rather, acts as a broker or referrer of individuals who will provide that service, the places where the service is performed are not “places of business” of the brokering or referring enterprise. See, e.g., JSF Promotions, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, Superior Court, judicial district of Hartford, Docket No. CV–97–0575801 (April 3, 2002) (31 Conn. L. Rptr. 715, 719) (where enterprise's business was to serve as broker or intermediary between manufacturers and sellers to provide product demonstrators, supermarkets where demonstrators worked were not enterprise's places of business), rev'd on other grounds, 265 Conn. 413, 828 A.2d 609 (2003); Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 402–403, 622 A.2d 622 (where enterprise's business was brokering nursing services, rather than performing patient care, medical facilities where nurses worked were not enterprise's places of business); Dept. of Employment, Training & Rehabilitation v. Reliable Health Care Services of Southern Nevada, Inc., 115 Nev. 253, 259–60, 983 P.2d 414 (1999) (where enterprise's business was brokering health-care workers, sole place of business was its administrative office); Koza v. Dept. of Labor, 282 N.J.Super. 560, 563–64, 660 A.2d 1231 (1995) (where musician acted essentially as agent to assemble various groups to play shows, sites of performances were not his places of business).

In regard to the second subpart of part B, the board found as follows: “The [plaintiff] contracts directly with its customers to provide installation of its heating and cooling equipment and security systems in the customers' homes, and to continue to service the equipment and monitor the security systems․ [Accordingly, those] homes have, by contract, become places of business of the [plaintiff]․ [Moreover] the installers and technicians represent the [plaintiff's] interest when they are in the homes of the [plaintiff's] customers, and the [plaintiff] profits from the services that are performed in its customers' homes․ [Additionally] the [plaintiff] does not merely broker contractor services but, rather, offers installation and servicing of heating and cooling equipment and security systems to the public.” The board also noted that the plaintiff rarely sold equipment without also selling its installation, and that the plaintiff had “long-term contracts with its customers to service its heating and cooling equipment and monitor its security systems.”

I agree with the board's conclusion that, consistent with the law outlined herein, the customers' homes were the plaintiff's “places of business” as contemplated by subpart two of part B of the ABC test. As is clear from the evidence discussed in my analysis of subpart one of part B, the plaintiff was not merely a broker of installation and repair services, but rather, a direct provider of such services. By their very nature, these services needed to be provided in customers' homes and could not occur at the plaintiff's physical plant. The plaintiff contracted directly with the homeowners for installation and ongoing services, thereby authorizing the plaintiff to have a significant, business related presence in the customers' homes. By installing the equipment that the plaintiff had sold to its customers, specifically on an installed basis, the installers represented and furthered the plaintiff's business interests. So too did the technicians, when they serviced and repaired the equipment. Thus, both the installers and the technicians supported the plaintiff's ongoing business relationships with the customers through their work in the homes. As the trial court explained, “[t]he plaintiff engages the [installers and the technicians] to perform certain tasks as part of a continuing provision of services at the customers' locations.” For these reasons, I too, like the board and the trial court, conclude that the installers' and technicians' services were not performed outside of all of the plaintiff's places of business so as to satisfy subpart two of part B of the ABC test. Furthermore, because the plaintiff also failed to satisfy subpart one, part B in its entirety was unmet, thereby establishing that the technicians and installers were employees of the plaintiff for purposes of the act.

The majority appears to find insufficient guidance in the case law applying subpart two of part B and, therefore, invokes two general principles to govern the resolution of this case. Those principles are: (1) that related statutes should be construed harmoniously; and (2) the conjunctive nature of the ABC test, “which suggests that no one part of the test should be construed so broadly—and, therefore, made so difficult or impossible to meet—that the other two parts of the test are rendered superfluous.” I am not persuaded that these considerations, rather than the most relevant case law from other jurisdictions, should inform our interpretation of subpart two of part B or, in any event, that they compel a different result.

The majority first looks to General Statutes § 31–223(a), a provision upon which neither the parties, the board nor the trial court have relied in their construction of the ABC test. This subsection, which delineates the boundaries of employers' nonvoluntary liability under the act, dates to the act's inception in 1936; Public Acts 1936, Spec. Sess., November, 1936, c. 2, § 2; and the particular language cited by the majority was part of a 1939 amendment. Public Acts 1939, c. 310, § 3. Consequently, I am skeptical that § 31–223(a) provides much insight into the meaning of “places of business” as used in § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II), a provision that was added more than thirty years later to comply with a federal mandate, specifically, by adopting a test using language suggested by the United States Department of Labor. See Public Acts 1971, No. 835, § 1. In short, (1) our legislators did not even craft the ABC test, and their purpose in adopting that test was to meet an extrajurisdictional requirement, and not to provide what they otherwise believed was a necessary supplement to our preexisting state statutory scheme. Under those circumstances, it is simply unrealistic to presume, without question, that § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II) was drafted by our legislature with a keen eye toward creating a harmonious, interlocking body of unemployment compensation laws in Connecticut.

In any event, even accepting the majority's reasoning that “places of business,” as used in § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II), necessarily means “premises under [an] employer's control,” as used in § 31–223(a), I still would reach the conclusion that the second subpart of part B of the ABC test is unsatisfied in the present matter. Again, the plaintiff contracts directly with its customers to install equipment in their homes, and to provide various continuing services in those homes thereafter. Accordingly, the customers have authorized the plaintiff, at the time installations and other services are being provided, to enter their homes and exert dominion and control over the premises to the extent it is necessary to provide those services. Even under the majority's construction of “places of business,” therefore, the plaintiff failed to prove that the installers and technicians provided services outside of all of the plaintiff's places of business.¹⁰

Additionally, I disagree that interpreting “places of business” to include, in appropriate cases, customers' homes would make it prohibitively difficult for the plaintiff, or other similarly situated enterprises, to satisfy part B of the ABC test when hiring individuals to work at locations apart from their own central facilities. As I have explained, part B may be satisfied by showing either that the services at issue are outside the usual course of an enterprise's business, or that they are performed outside of all of the enterprise's places of business. See General Statutes § 31–222(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II). Accordingly, an enterprise such as the plaintiff can retain individuals to do work in its customers' homes and still satisfy part B if it can show that those individuals are doing work that the enterprise does not regularly and consistently perform. Alternatively, if an enterprise can show that it is a mere broker of the services at issue, the locations where the services are performed will not be deemed the enterprise's places of business. In short, the two subparts of part B work together, and a court should not, like the majority, view one subpart in isolation.

In the present case, if the plaintiff had established that the services provided by the installers and technicians were not part of the plaintiff's usual course of business, or that it merely was referring customers to third-party workers instead of offering to do the work itself, it would be of no moment that the services were performed inside of the homes of the plaintiff's customers. In this sense, part B operates no differently than it does when all of an enterprise's business activities are performed in a central physical location. If the workers are engaged to perform some service that the enterprise does not typically provide, part B will be satisfied, regardless of the locale of the services.

Finally, to reiterate, the act is a remedial one, and we are bound to interpret it liberally in favor of those it is intended to benefit.¹¹ Daw's Critical Care Registry, Inc. v. Dept. of Labor, supra, 42 Conn.Supp. at 411, 622 A.2d 622; see General Statutes § 31–274(c). Accordingly, to the extent this case presents a close question, we should decide it in a manner that will result in more, rather than less, coverage for workers who are involuntarily unemployed.¹²

For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.

ZARELLA, J.

In this opinion EVELEIGH, ESPINOSA and ROBINSON, Js., concurred.