PEOPLE v. LUTMAN (1980)

Ronald Lutman appeals from a judgment committing him to the Youth Authority as a youthful offender after a jury found him guilty of rape (Pen.Code, s 261) and assault with a deadly weapon (Pen.Code, s 245(a)). His sole contention here is that the trial court erred when, on the second day of jury selection, it refused to allow him to enter a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity.

At the time regularly set for appellant's plea, the California test for an insanity defense was the so-called M'Naghten rule:

“(T)o establish a defense on the ground of insanity, it must be clearly proved that at the time of committing the act the party accused was labouring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or as not to know that he was doing wrong.”

(M'Naghten's Case (1843) 10 Clark and Fin. 200, 210 (8 Eng.Rep. 718, 722), as quoted at 1 Witkin, Cal.Crimes, Defenses, s 136, pp. 128-129.) Apparently concluding that he could not establish a defect of cognitive capacity sufficient to invoke the M'Naghten rule, appellant, on July 7, 1978, simply entered a plea of not guilty.

On September 26, 1978, the Supreme Court filed its opinion in People v. Drew (1978) 22 Cal.3d 333, 149 Cal.Rptr. 275, 583 P.2d 1318, which rejected the M'Naghten rule and adopted instead a test based on the first subsection of a standard developed by the American Law Institute:

“ ‘A person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law.’ ”

(People v. Drew, supra, 22 Cal.3d at pp. 345-348, 149 Cal.Rptr. at p. 281, 583 P.2d at p. 1324; cf., Model Pen.Code (Proposed Official Draft) (1962) s 4.01.) Drew radically changed California law: it permits consideration not only of a defendant's ability to understand society's rules but also of his ability to exercise volitional control to conform his conduct to those rules. And it permits (through use of the phrase “lacks substantial capacity”) evaluation of degrees of incapacity.

Appellant's counsel first learned of the Drew decision about two weeks after it was filed: sometime between the end of the court session on October 13, and 10 a. m. the next court day. He immediately sought to invoke Drew by adding the insanity plea. The trial court found that counsel had been diligent. We agree and hold that on the basis of that showing appellant met his burden under Penal Code section 1016^[FN1] to show “good cause” for entry of the belated plea.

Although satisfied with appellant's diligence, the trial court also required appellant to make an additional “good cause” showing with respect to the merits of his insanity defense. It found that presentation insufficient. There is language in some cases indicating that such a showing is required.^[FN2] However, we read Prudhomme v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 320, 85 Cal.Rptr. 129, 466 P.2d 673 and its two companion cases, In re Marcario (1970) 2 Cal.3d 329, 85 Cal.Rptr. 135, 466 P.2d 679 and Bradshaw v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 332, 85 Cal.Rptr. 136, 466 P.2d 680, as enunciating a policy constitutionally precluding such inquiry. These cases determined that a defendant's privilege against self-incrimination is violated by an order compelling discovery in a criminal case (e. g., names, addressed and expected testimony of witnesses a defendant intends to call at trial).

At oral argument here respondent suggested that questions from this court with respect to self-incrimination were irrelevant in that defendant waived the privilege by allowing a clinical psychologist who had examined him to testify at the “good cause” hearing. That response misses the point. The question is whether the Legislature intended to include within Penal Code section 1016 a requirement that a defendant demonstrate the merits of his insanity claim before being allowed to enter such a plea. A required showing on the merits of an insanity defense entails the danger of forcing a defendant to abandon one constitutional right the privilege against self-incrimination in order to exercise the right to plead not guilty by reason of insanity.^[FN3] Unless one believes that the Legislature intended such a trade-off, Penal Code section 1016 cannot be interpreted subsequent to Prudhomme to require waiver of the privilege against self-incrimination.

Nor can it be read as requiring waiver of other privileges. Here a psychotherapist-patient privilege (Evid.Code, ss 1010-1028) was also involved. Appellant's clinical psychologist revealed at the hearing evidence the defense intended to adduce at trial on the defense of insanity.

The trial court was correct in its determination that the change in law from M'Naghten to Drew on September 26 provided good cause for the delay in entry of the additional plea of not guilty by reason of insanity. But it was error to read Penal Code section 1016 as requiring an additional showing as to the merits and the weight of the evidence to be adduced on the new plea. Finding such a precondition in the statute flies in the face of both the privilege against self-incrimination and the psychotherapist-patient privilege and produces procedural havoc by placing the trial judge in the situation where he or she not only is required to “invade the province of the jury” but to make the jury unnecessary. For these reasons, subsequent to Prudhomme the only rational reading that can be given to “good cause” within Penal Code section 1016 is that a defendant must show a plausible reason for delay in tendering any plea. This appellant did to the satisfaction of the trial court and to this court. Accordingly, we treat as statutorily irrelevant the trial court's additional determination with respect to the merits of the insanity plea, and remand for jury trial on the issue of appellant's sanity to be measured by the standards enunciated in People v. Drew, supra.^[FN4]

The judgment is affirmed insofar as it adjudicates appellant's guilt. The cause is remanded to the trial court with directions to allow appellant to enter his plea of not guilty by reason of insanity.

I respectfully dissent.

An additional or different plea may be received by the court for good cause shown “at any time before the commencement of the trial.” (Pen.Code, s 1016.) Strictly speaking, trial of the present action had not commenced when the defense made its motion; selection of the jury had not been completed. Moreover, upon a sufficient showing of good cause, a change of plea may be received even after a trial has commenced. (In re Kubler (1975) 53 Cal.App.3d 799, 126 Cal.Rptr. 25.) It lies within the discretion of the trial court to determine whether to allow a change of plea (Magee v. Superior Court (1973) 34 Cal.App.3d 201, 109 Cal.Rptr. 758), and the responsibility rests upon the defense to show good cause for a change of plea. (People v. Boyd (1971) 16 Cal.App.3d 901, 94 Cal.Rptr. 575.) The question is whether in the present case the defense made a sufficient showing in support of the motion that, under the new test, appellant was legally insane at the time of the commission of the crime. (People v. Morgan (1935) 9 Cal.App.2d 612, 50 P.2d 1061.) The testimony of Dr. Lerner was that appellant “might” fit within the broader definition of insanity adopted in the Drew decision. Review of Dr. Lerner's testimony does not disclose any substantial showing that appellant was insane under the A.L.I. test. Moreover, by terms of the Drew decision, the new test was not applicable until Drew became final on November 1, 1978, after the conclusion of appellant's trial. It was not an abuse of discretion to deny the motion to enter a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity.

I would affirm the judgment.

Hearing denied; CLARK, J., dissenting.

FOOTNOTES

1.  s 1016. (Pleas to indictment: Types permissible: Presumption of sanity)There are six kinds of pleas to an indictment or an information, or to a complaint charging an offense triable in any inferior court:1. Guilty.2. Not guilty.3. Nolo contendere, subject to the approval of the court. The court shall ascertain whether the defendant completely understands that a plea of nolo contendere shall be considered the same as a plea of guilty and that, upon a plea of nolo contendere, the court shall find the defendant guilty. The legal effect of such a plea shall be the same as that of a plea of guilty, but the plea and any admissions required by the court during any inquiry it makes as to the voluntariness of and factual basis for the plea may not be used against the defendant as an admission in any civil suit based upon or growing out of the act upon which the criminal prosecution is based.4. A former judgment of conviction or acquittal of the offense charged.5. Once in jeopardy.6. Not guilty by reason of insanity.A defendant who does not plead guilty may enter one or more of the other pleas. A defendant who does not plead not guilty by reason of insanity shall by conclusively presumed to have been sane at the time of the commission of the offense charged; provided, that the court may for good cause shown allow a change of plea at any time before the commencement of the trial. A defendant who pleads not guilty by reason of insanity, without also pleading not guilty, thereby admits the commission of the offense charged.

2.  For example: “(A defendant) should be required to produce evidence which would show the trial judge that there were reasonable grounds to believe that at the time of the commission of the crime he was legally insane” (People v. Morgan (1935) 9 Cal.App.2d 612, 615, 50 P.2d 1061, 1062, (emphasis added)); denial of his motion “will normally be upheld where there was insufficient evidence tending to show defendant's claim of insanity at the time of commission of the offense is meritorious ” (People v. Gibbs (1970) 12 Cal.App.3d 526, 536, 90 Cal.Rptr. 866, 871 (emphasis added); cf., to similar effect, People v. Egan (1933) 218 Cal. 408, 410-411, 23 P.2d 755, 756 (“no showing . . . that appellant was insane”); People v. Nye (1929) 96 Cal.App. 186, 189, 273 P. 837, 838 (“the hearsay statement of one person (held insufficient to constitute) prima facie evidence of insanity”).

3.  Here the showing was made in open court before opposing counsel but outside the presence of the jury. But even if the hearing had been in camera, Evidence Code section 915, subdivision (a) precludes a court from hearing the allegedly privileged matter as a precondition to ruling on a claim of privilege.

4.  Contrary to the view of the dissent, we think the Drew standard clearly applies. Drew commands:“This decision will apply retroactively only to those cases not yet final in which the defendant had pled not guilty by reason of insanity . . . .”(People v. Drew, supra, 22 Cal.3d at p. 348, 149 Cal.Rptr. at p. 283, 583 P.2d at p. 1326.) At the time the trial court heard his application appellant had obviously not yet pled not guilty by reason of insanity but the trial court could have made Drew applicable simply by permitting entry of the insanity plea. Hence the real issue as the trial court itself recognized was not whether it could permit interposition of a Drew defense but rather whether, in the exercise of its discretion, it would do so.

POCHEE, Associate Justice.

Caldecott, P. J., concurs.