M.D.C. v. K.D. (2008)

M.D.C. (“the mother”) and K.D. (“the father”) married, and two minor children were born of the marriage. The mother and the father divorced in February 2003. The divorce judgment awarded the mother custody and ordered the father to pay child support in the amount of $540 per month. In October 2005, a juvenile court granted the mother's petition seeking to terminate the father's parental rights regarding their two minor children.

On January 4, 2007, the State of Alabama, on behalf of the mother, petitioned the trial court to require the father to show cause why he should not be held in contempt for his alleged failure to pay his monthly child-support obligation. In its petition, the State alleged that the father had accrued an arrearage totaling $28,776.60. The father answered, denying the material allegations stated in the petition.

The trial court held a hearing on April 11, 2007. The trial court then entered a judgment on May 6, 2007, finding, among other things, the father in arrears in the amount of $16,730 plus $486 in interest as of October 2005. The father and the State both moved the trial court to alter, amend, or vacate its judgment or, in the alternative, to grant a new trial.

The record establishes that all the parties agreed to extend the time for the trial court to rule on the parties' postjudgment motions. See Rule 59.1, Ala. R. Civ. P. The trial court subsequently granted both parties a new trial. On January 18, 2008, the trial court entered a judgment that, among other things, concluded that the father's obligation to pay child support was extinguished when his parental rights regarding the children were terminated. The mother then timely appealed.

On appeal, the mother argues that the trial court erred by determining that the father's obligation to pay child support was extinguished when his parental rights were terminated. “[W]hen an appellate court is presented with an issue of law, we review the judgment of the trial court as to that issue de novo.” Henderson v. Henderson, 978 So.2d 36, 39 (Ala.Civ.App.2007) (citing Ex parte Perkins, 646 So.2d 46 (Ala.1994)).

The mother presents an issue of first impression. The Child Protection Act (“CPA”), codified at § 26-18-1 et seq., Ala.Code 1975, which governs the termination of parental rights, does not address the issue of a parent's obligation to pay child support after termination of his or her parental rights. Although Alabama appellate courts have not directly addressed the issue, our appellate courts have indicated that a parent is no longer obligated to pay child support after that parent's parental rights have been terminated.

In Ex parte Brooks, 513 So.2d 614 (1987), overruled on other grounds by Ex parte Beasley, 564 So.2d 950 (Ala.1990), a father sought a judgment terminating his parental rights. In reversing this court's affirmance of the judgment granting the termination, the court in Brooks stated: “The Child Protection Act of 1984 ․ was not intended as a means for allowing a parent to abandon his child and thereby to avoid his obligation to support the child through the termination of parental rights.” Id. at 617 (emphasis added). In C.M. v. D.P., 849 So.2d 963 (Ala.Civ.App.2002), this court affirmed a juvenile court's judgment denying a father's petition to terminate his parental rights. In C.M., this court stated: “The supreme court [in Ex parte Brooks ] found that there was no clear and convincing evidence indicating that termination would be in the child's best interest, because all future rights to support, parental affiliation, and inheritance would be severed, with the child receiving nothing in return. [Brooks, 513 So.2d] at 617.” 849 So.2d at 965-66 (emphasis added). The court in C.M. further concluded that “it is not in the child's best interests to be alienated from any future right to financial support, parental affiliation, and inheritance.” 849 So.2d at 966 (emphasis added). Accordingly, Brooks and C.M. indicate that a parent is not obligated to pay support upon the termination of his or her parental rights. See also State ex rel. McDaniel v. Miller, 659 So.2d 640, 642 (Ala.Civ.App.1995) (reversing the trial court's judgment and rendering a judgment denying two parents' joint petition to terminate a father's parental rights, concluding that the trial court failed to consider that “[t]he child's right to current and future support, including, possibly, payment of a college education, and the child's right of inheritance from the father” would end upon termination); and Ex parte University of South Alabama, 541 So.2d 535, 538 (Ala.1989) (stating, in dicta, that “[a] child has this fundamental right to financial support until its majority or death or a legal termination of parental rights,” in concluding that a father was obligated to pay medical expenses incurred on the child's behalf). Furthermore, as Judge Moore has recently stated:

“[T]he termination of parental rights ‘necessarily precludes the parent from later attempting to reestablish his or her visitation privileges, right to custody, or other parental rights with the child or children in question.’ [In re] Grayson, 419 So.2d [234,] 237 [ (Ala.Civ.App.1982) ] (Bradley, J., concurring specially). At the same time, an order terminating parental rights divests the child of his or her right to maintenance and support and inheritance from the natural parent, to association with the natural parent, and other legal rights attendant to the parent-child relationship. See Ex parte Brooks, 513 So.2d 614 (Ala.1987).”

J.C. v. State Dep't of Human Res., 986 So.2d 1172, 1211 (Ala.Civ.App.2007) (Moore, J., concurring in the result) (emphasis added).¹

Other jurisdictions have held that, in certain instances, a parent's obligation to pay child support does not end when his or her parental rights are terminated. See, e.g., Evink v. Evink, 214 Mich.App. 172, 176, 542 N.W.2d 328, 331 (1995); State of Rhode Island v. Fritz, 801 A.2d 679, 685 (R.I.2002); and Adoption of Marlene, 443 Mass. 494, 822 N.E.2d 714 (2005). However, a majority of states have held that the termination of a parent's parental rights extinguishes a parent's duty to support the child. McCabe v. McCabe, 78 P.3d 956, 960 (Okla.2003). See, e.g., County of Ventura v. Gonzales, 88 Cal.App.4th 1120, 106 Cal.Rptr.2d 461 (2001); Ponton v. Tabares, 711 So.2d 125 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1998); Kansas ex rel. Sec'y of Soc. & Rehab. Servs. v. Clear, 248 Kan. 109, 804 P.2d 961 (1991); Nevada v. Vine, 99 Nev. 278, 662 P.2d 295 (1983); Gabriel v. Gabriel, 519 N.W.2d 293 (N.D.1994); In re Scheehle, 134 Ohio App.3d 167, 730 N.E.2d 472 (1999); McCabe, supra; Kauffman v. Truett, 771 A.2d 36 (Pa.Super.Ct.2001); Coffey v. Vasquez, 290 S.C. 348, 350 S.E.2d 396 (Ct.App.1986); and Commonwealth ex rel. Spotsylvania County Dep't of Soc. Servs. v. Fletcher, 38 Va.App. 107 562 S.E.2d 327 (2002), aff'd, 266 Va. 1, 581 S.E.2d 213 (2003).

In concluding that a parent's duty to support his or her child extinguishes upon the termination of parental rights, the South Carolina Court of Appeals has stated:

“The duty of a parent to support his or her minor child is often viewed as correlative to the parent's rights in and to the child. See, e.g., Walker v. Walker, 204 N.C. 210, 167 S.E. 818 (1933); 59 Am.Jur.2d Parent and Child § 51 n. 15 at 139 (1971); 67A C.J.S. Parent & Child § 3 n. 29 (1978). Indeed, the term ‘parental rights,’ in the context of termination proceedings, has been construed to include both parental rights and parental obligations. Anguis v. Superior Court In and For Maricopa County, 6 Ariz.App. 68, 429 P.2d 702 (1967). In our view, a parent's obligation to feed, clothe and otherwise support a child, being correlative to the parent's rights in and to the child, does not exist where the parent's reciprocal rights in and to the child have been terminated.”

Coffey v. Vasquez, 290 S.C. at 350, 350 S.E.2d at 397-98. We also find instructive the following from the Supreme Court of Kansas:

“The purpose of termination of parental rights is to provide stability to the life of a child who must be removed from the home of a parent. The State's primary goal for all children whose parents' parental rights have been terminated is placement in a permanent family setting․ The termination of parental rights by the State severs the child's ties with the natural parent. A parent whose parental rights have been terminated is relieved of all duties and obligations to support the child and the burden is placed on the State until the State is legally relieved of the obligation.”

Kansas ex rel. Sec'y of Soc. and Rehab. Servs. v. Clear, 248 Kan. at 116, 804 P.2d at 966. Like the State of Kansas, the purpose of our juvenile laws, particularly in termination cases, is to provide children with stability and permanency. See § 26-18-2, Ala.Code 1975; and A.J.H.T. v. K.O.H., 983 So.2d 394, 402 (Ala.Civ.App.2007) (Bryan, J., concurring specially, with Thomas, J., joining). Our juvenile code contemplates that a child should have a permanent placement that could include, among other plans, adoption after termination. See § 12-15-62(c), Ala.Code 1975; and § 26-18-8, Ala.Code 1975. To further this goal, a parent's parental relationship with the child must be totally severed.

The dissent contends that a judgment terminating a parent's parental rights that also terminates a parent's obligation to pay child support does not promote a child's stability or permanency. --- So.3d at ---- (Moore, J., dissenting). The dissent further states that a child would be protected from harm if the parent's familial relationship with the child was severed but the child retained the benefit of financial support. However, a child would also benefit from retaining inheritance rights and the right to seek postminority educational support. Nevertheless, maintaining those legal rights of a child and, as the dissent states, those “parental responsibilities” only retains the child's ties to a parent who either abused or neglected his or her child. Furthermore, our holding does not encourage irresponsible parents to petition to voluntarily terminate their parental rights, as the dissent contends. A parent is precluded from voluntarily terminating his or her parental rights to avoid the obligation of paying child support. See A.J.H.T. v. K.O.H., 983 So.2d at 402 (Moore, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (citing Ex parte Brooks, supra).

We, therefore, do not hold that a parent whose parental rights have been terminated loses his or her parental privileges but retains the obligation to support his or her child. See Coffey, supra. Rather, we conclude that the parental obligation of support is in tandem with the benefits of a parent-child relationship. Based on the foregoing, we hold that a parent's obligation to pay child support is extinguished when that parent's parental rights have been terminated. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that the father's obligation to pay future child support was extinguished upon the termination of his parental rights.

AFFIRMED.

I respectfully dissent from the holding in the main opinion because I conclude that a judgment entered pursuant to the Alabama Child Protection Act (“the CPA”), § 26-18-1 et seq., Ala.Code 1975, involuntarily terminating the parental rights of a parent to his or her natural children does not, by operation of law, extinguish the parent's responsibility to pay child support for the benefit of those children as established by a prior judgment of the circuit court.

Section 26-18-7(a), Ala.Code 1975, provides, in part:

“If the court finds from clear and convincing evidence, competent, material, and relevant in nature, that the parents of a child are unable or unwilling to discharge their responsibilities to and for the child, or that the conduct or condition of the parents is such as to render them unable to properly care for the child and that such conduct or condition is unlikely to change in the foreseeable future, it may terminate the parental rights of the parents.”

(Emphasis added.) The statute very clearly states that a juvenile court may terminate the parental rights of a parent who is unable or unwilling to discharge his or her parental responsibilities.

The CPA does not define the meaning of “responsibilities to and for the child” and “parental rights.” However, the Alabama Juvenile Justice Act (“the AJJA”), § 12-15-1 et seq., Ala.Code 1975, clarifies the legislative meaning of those terms. Section 12-15-1(17), Ala.Code 1975, defines “legal custody” as

“[a] legal status created by court order which vests in a custodian the right to have physical custody of the child and to determine where and with whom the child shall live within the state and the right and duty to protect, train, and discipline the child and to provide the child with food, shelter, clothing, education, and ordinary medical care, all subject to the powers, rights, duties, and responsibilities of the guardian of the person of the child and subject to any residual parental rights and responsibilities ․”

The AJJA then provides that “residual parental rights and responsibilities” include:

“[t]hose rights and responsibilities remaining with the parent after the transfer of legal custody or guardianship of the person, including, but not necessarily limited to, the right of visitation, the right to consent to adoption, the right to determine religious affiliation, and the responsibility for support.”

§ 12-15-1(24), Ala.Code 1975. Our supreme court has stated that related statutes should, when possible, be construed in pari materia,² Archer Daniels Midland Co. v. Seven Up Bottling Co. of Jasper, Inc., 746 So.2d 966, 988 (Ala.1999), and that legislative definitions are binding on the court. See McWhorter v. State Bd. of Registration for Prof'l Eng'rs & Land Surveyors, 359 So.2d 769, 773 (Ala.1978).

Reading the statutory definitions of parental rights and responsibilities found in § 12-15-1 into § 26-18-7 reveals the legislature's intent:

“If the court finds from clear and convincing evidence, competent, material, and relevant in nature, that the parents of a child are unable or unwilling to discharge their [parental duties, including the duties to protect, to educate, to care for, to provide for, to maintain, and to support the child], or that the conduct or condition of the parents is such as to render them unable to properly care for the child and that such conduct or condition is unlikely to change in the foreseeable future, it may terminate the [parents' rights, including the rights to custody, to visitation, to control the child's education, training, discipline, and religious affiliation, and to consent to adoption].”

Construing the two statutes together, if a juvenile court finds clear and convincing evidence indicating that a parent is unable to discharge his or her parental responsibilities, the juvenile court may on that basis terminate the rights of the parent to the child,³ but not the parent's responsibility to provide child support.⁴

Even if the court cannot read § 12-15-1 into § 26-18-7, the term “parental rights” cannot be construed to encompass the responsibility for child support.

“Words used in a statute must be given their natural, plain, ordinary, and commonly understood meaning, and where plain language is used a court is bound to interpret that language to mean exactly what it says. If the language of the statute is unambiguous, then there is no room for judicial construction and the clearly expressed intent of the legislature must be given effect.”

IMED Corp. v. Systems Eng'g Assocs. Corp., 602 So.2d 344, 346 (Ala.1992). The term “parental rights” ordinarily refers to

“[a] parent's rights to make all decisions concerning his or her child, including the right to determine the child's care and custody, the right to educate and discipline the child, and the right to control the child's earnings and property.”

Black's Law Dictionary 1146 (8th ed.2004). A “right” is “something to which one has a just claim: as ․ the power or privilege to which one is justly entitled.” Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 1073 (11th ed.2003). Legally speaking, a “responsibility” is a “liability.” Black's Law Dictionary 1338 (8th ed.2004). Even in the more ordinary usage, “responsibility” refers to a burden for which one is accountable. See Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 1062 (11th ed.2003). A “parental responsibility,” therefore, would be a burden or liability one owes due to his or her status as a parent. Hence, even without reference to § 12-15-1, the CPA authorizes a juvenile court to terminate those parental rights that Alabama law recognizes for the inability or unwillingness of the parent to properly discharge his or her legal duties to the child.

Alabama law has long recognized that a parent has a natural legal right to the custody, companionship, care, and rearing of his or her child but that the parent also has a legal obligation to support, care, and train the child. Chandler v. Whatley, 238 Ala. 206, 189 So. 751 (1939); P.Y.W. v. G.U.W., 858 So.2d 265, 267 (Ala.Civ.App.2003). Alabama law holds that it is the child who possesses the inherent and fundamental right to support from the parent. Abel v. Abel, 824 So.2d 767, 768 (Ala.Civ.App.2001). A custodial parent has no right to child support but merely receives support on behalf of the child whose right it is. State ex rel. Dep't of Human Res. v. Sullivan, 701 So.2d 16 (Ala.Civ.App.1997). On the other hand, Alabama law impresses upon parents a legal duty to support their minor children. Ex parte McCall, 596 So.2d 4 (Ala.1992); Miller v. Miller, 866 So.2d 1150, 1157-58 (Ala.Civ.App.2003); and Davis v. Gyllenhaal-Davis, 516 So.2d 665 (Ala.Civ.App.1987). A parent may be held civilly or criminally liable for a failure to discharge the responsibility to support his or her child. See Ex parte University of South Alabama, 541 So.2d 535 (Ala.1989); Ala.Code 1975, § 13A-13-4.

As a matter of plain English, the CPA, in authorizing a juvenile court to “terminate the parental rights” of a parent, does not empower a juvenile court to terminate child support. Had the legislature intended that a termination of “parental rights” would also include a termination of “parental responsibilities,” such as the responsibility to support the parent's children, it could have used language apt to that purpose. For example, the Alabama Adoption Code, Ala.Code 1975, § 26-10A-1 et seq., provides that a parent who consents to the adoption of his or her child forfeits “all rights and obligations,” Ala.Code 1975, 26-10A-11(a)(6) (emphasis added), and that “[u]pon a final decree of adoption, the natural parents of the adoptee, except for a natural parent who is the spouse of the adopting parent are relieved of all parental responsibility for the adoptee and will have no parental rights over the adoptee.” Ala.Code 1975, § 26-10A-29(b) (emphasis added). It appears that the legislature deliberately worded § 26-18-7 to authorize only a termination of parental rights, not parental responsibilities. “ ‘The judiciary will not add that which the Legislature chose to omit.’ ” State v. Dean, 940 So.2d 1077, 1080 (Ala.Crim.App.2006) (quoting Ex parte Jackson, 614 So.2d 405, 407 (Ala.1993)). The only way to give the plain language of the CPA its intended effect is to hold that a termination of parental rights does not automatically terminate the parent's child-support obligation.

Although I find no ambiguity in § 26-18-7, if the language of a statute is ambiguous the court is bound to construe the statute to give effect to the legislative purpose behind its enactment. IMED Corp., 602 So.2d at 346. The purpose of the CPA is

“to provide meaningful guidelines to be used by the juvenile court in cases involving the termination of parental rights in such a manner as to protect the welfare of children by providing stability and continuity in their lives, and at the same time to protect the rights of their parents.”

Ala.Code 1975, § 26-18-2. Section 26-18-7 provides a means of terminating parental rights when a child's welfare is threatened by continuation of those rights. Ex parte Brooks, 513 So.2d 614, 617 (Ala.1987), overruled on other grounds by Ex parte Beasley, 564 So.2d 950 (Ala.1990). “ ‘Paramount in a determination regarding the termination of parental rights is a consideration of the child's best interest.’ ” J.C. v. State Dep't of Human Res., [Ms. 2060091, October 12, 2007] 986 So.2d 1172, 1193 (Ala.Civ.App.2007) (quoting T.S. v. J.P., 674 So.2d 535, 537 (Ala.Civ.App.1995)) (emphasis omitted).

In interpreting § 26-18-7 so that a judgment involuntarily terminating parental rights automatically discharges a parent from liability for future child support, the majority undermines the purpose of the statute in at least two ways. First, in many cases it will force responsible parents to choose between filing a petition to terminate the parental rights of an abusive and neglectful coparent to protect their children or to forgo filing such a petition in order to preserve the children's right to support. Second, in many cases, including this one, the majority's interpretation will require children to depend on state aid that may be far less remunerative than the child support to which they would otherwise be entitled.

On the other hand, by interpreting § 26-18-7 according to its plain language, the court would assure the fullest possible relief for the child. A judgment terminating parental rights immediately and permanently severs the parent's right to custody, control, and affiliation with the child. See In re Grayson, 419 So.2d 234, 237 (Ala.Civ.App.1982) (Bradley, J., concurring specially). The judgment protects the child from the potential for future harm flowing from the affected parent by forever preventing the parent from asserting any parental rights. However, the child will continue to be entitled to at least one beneficial aspect of that relationship if the parental obligation for support remains undisturbed. Responsible parents would not have to fear jeopardizing their children's right to support by filing meritorious petitions for termination of parental rights. Irresponsible parents would realize that they cannot escape liability for child support by abusing or neglecting their children. In addition, dependent children would not have to rely entirely on the state for subsistence.

The majority contends that the purpose of the CPA to promote stability and permanency for dependent children will be served by its holding because a child can be adopted only if the prior parental relationship has been totally severed. --- So.3d at ---- (quoting Kansas ex rel. Sec'y of Soc. & Rehab. Servs. v. Clear, 248 Kan. 109, 116, 804 P.2d 961, 966 (1991)). However, holding that the duty to pay child support survives a judgment terminating parental rights does not impede the goal of providing stability and permanency for the child. The duty to support the child merely lasts after the judgment terminating parental rights until the child is actually adopted, at which point the duty is extinguished by operation of § 26-10A-29(b).⁵ Moreover, it is the completion of the adoption that totally severs the parental relationship, id., so the parent's obligations to the child need not be totally severed before adoption. Nothing in Alabama law prevents a child from entering the adoption process merely because its natural parent, whose parental rights have been terminated, remains under court order to support the child. Although the majority's interpretation of the CPA seriously subverts the best interests of the child, it does not provide the child any corresponding benefit by advancing the purpose of the statute in any material respect.⁶

The majority's reading of § 26-18-7 also violates established law that once a circuit court enters a child-support order in a divorce proceeding, the circuit court retains exclusive jurisdiction to modify that order, which precludes a juvenile court from adjudicating child-support issues in a termination-of-parental-rights action. See A.S. v. W.T.J., 984 So.2d 1196, 1202 (Ala.Civ.App.2007). In this case, the trial court entered a child-support order as part of a divorce judgment in February 2003, requiring the father to pay $540 per month for the benefit of his children. If the majority is correct, the juvenile court terminated that child-support obligation in October 2005, although it lacked jurisdiction to do so. Rather than bestow upon juvenile courts jurisdiction that this court has heretofore not recognized, we should hold that the trial court had exclusive continuing jurisdiction over its own child-support order and that the judgment terminating parental rights could not have possibly affected the father's obligation as established in that order.⁷

To sustain its holding, the majority opinion relies on statements from past opinions of our supreme court and of this court that indicate “that a parent is no longer obligated to pay child support after that parent's parental rights have been terminated.” --- So.3d at ----. In Ex parte Brooks, supra, the supreme court held that a father could not voluntarily agree to a termination of his parental rights for the sole purpose of avoiding his child-support obligation. In the opinion, the court assumed that a judgment terminating parental rights would end the father's obligation to pay child support. 513 So.2d at 617. The Brooks court did not cite any legal authority for that proposition. It also utterly failed to consider whether a judgment may terminate parental rights without affecting parental responsibilities, such as the duty to support the child. At any rate, the Brooks court did not actually decide that the judgment had the effect of terminating child support, which renders its discussion pure dicta. All the other cases cited by the majority either rely directly on Brooks, see C.M. v. D.P., 849 So.2d 963, 965-66 (Ala.Civ.App.2002),⁸ State ex rel. McDaniel v. Miller, 659 So.2d 640, 642 (Ala.Civ.App.1995), J.C. v. State Dep't of Human Res., 986 So.2d at 1202,⁹ or, like Brooks, on no legal authority at all. See Ex parte University of South Alabama, 541 So.2d at 538. Alabama law actually holds that the only events that impliedly terminate child support are the child's reaching the age of majority, see State ex rel. Shellhouse v. Bentley, 666 So.2d 517, 518 (Ala.Civ.App.1995), the emancipation of the child, see Anderson v. Loper, 689 So.2d 118, 120 (Ala.Civ.App.1996) (citing B.A. v. State Dep't of Human Res. ex rel. R.A., 640 So.2d 961, 962 (Ala.Civ.App.1994)), the adoption of the child, see Ala.Code 1975, § 26-10A-29(b), and the death of the child or the obligor-parent, see Pittman v. Pittman, 419 So.2d 1376, 1380 (Ala.1982).

It is true that the vast majority of other states have construed their termination-of-parental-rights statutes so as to encompass termination of child support.¹⁰ However, most other state statutes explicitly state that a termination of parental rights completely severs the parent-child relationship, see, e.g., 10 Okla. Stat. tit. 1981, § 1132 (cited in McCabe v. McCabe, 78 P.3d 956, 958 (Okla.2003)), Fla. Stat. 63.062(1)(b) (quoted in Ponton v. Tabares, 711 So.2d 125, 126 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1998)), and Miss.Code Ann. § 93-15-103(2) (quoted in Beasnett v. Arledge, 934 So.2d 345, 347 (Miss.Ct.App.2006)), or terminates the rights and responsibilities of the parent to the child,¹¹ see Cal. Family Code § 7803 (quoted in County of Ventura v. Gonzales, 88 Cal.App.4th 1120, 1121, 106 Cal.Rptr.2d 461, 462 (2001)). In other states the term “parental rights” has been construed to mean “parental rights and responsibilities” based on a passage from Anguis v. Superior Court in and for Maricopa County, 6 Ariz.App. 68, 429 P.2d 702 (1967),¹² in which the court stated:

“We are faced here with the limited question of whether or not the Juvenile Court may conduct a hearing and sever the parental rights of a parent to a child without there first being a pending adoption. Before we consider this matter we must consider the meaning of the term ‘parental rights'. The rights of a parent regarding its child are quite often confused with parental obligations or the rights of the child to care, custody, support, inheritance and other obligations from the parent to the child. Our statute A.R.S. § 14-206, for example, provides that every child is entitled to support and education from its natural parents. As used herein we construe the term ‘parental rights' in the broader term as the sum total of the rights of the parent or parents in and to the child as well as the rights of the child in and to the parent or parents. In other words, we construe parental rights to include both parental rights and parental obligations.”

6 Ariz.App. at 71, 429 P.2d at 705. Notably, that passage is totally devoid of any use of the rules of statutory construction or any other legal reasoning. It appears that the court simply decided without any basis that the term “parental rights” as used in Arizona's termination-of-parental-rights statute means “both parental rights and parental obligations.” I find that “analysis” to be totally unpersuasive.¹³

On the other hand in State of Rhode Island v. Fritz, 801 A.2d 679 (R.I.2002), the court held that a termination of parental “rights” does not terminate the parent's responsibility to pay child support by operation of law. The court said:

“Although some courts, absent a specific statutory provision or statutory ambiguity, have held that termination of parental rights ends financial obligations as well, it is our opinion that under current Rhode Island statutes, parental financial support continues until a child has been emancipated, adopted, reaches the age of majority, or until the obligation has been duly terminated after the Family Court has held a hearing and issued an order stating its findings.

“In some jurisdictions, the term ‘parental rights' has been interpreted as incorporating all the rights of the parental relationship, including not only those rights that flow to the parent, but also those, such as the right to financial support, that flow to the child. See, e.g., County of Ventura v. Gonzales, 88 Cal.App.4th 1120, 106 Cal.Rptr.2d 461, 464 (2001) (citing State Welfare Division, Department of Human Resources v. Vine, 99 Nev. 278, 662 P.2d 295, 298 (1983)). The plain language of Rhode Island's termination of parental rights statute, § 15-7-7, addresses only the ‘legal rights of the parent to the child’ and not the reciprocal rights of the child with respect to the parent. Because this Court consistently has declined ‘ “[to] interpret a statute to include a matter omitted unless the clear purpose of the legislation would fail without the implication,” ’ Wehr, Inc. v. Truex, 700 A.2d 1085, 1088 (R.I.1997) (per curiam) (quoting State v. Feng, 421 A.2d 1258, 1264 (R.I.1980)), we interpret the General Assembly's silence as an indication that it did not intend that § 15-7-7 terminate the right of the child to support by the parents.''

801 A.2d at 685.

The majority relies on the principle from Coffey v. Vasquez, 290 S.C. at 350, 350 S.E.2d at 397-98, that the duty of support is “ ‘correlative to the parent's rights in and to the child.’ ” --- So.3d at ----. However, that statement is not consistent with Alabama law, which provides that a parent remains obligated to pay child support even when the parent has no custodial rights and the children refuse visitation, McWhorter v. McWhorter, 705 So.2d 423 (Ala.Civ.App.1997), or even when the noncustodial parent has no contact with the child. See Kernop v. Taylor, 628 So.2d 707 (Ala.Civ.App.1993).¹⁴ Our law is more consistent with that of West Virginia, which holds that “the duty to pay child support and the right to exercise visitation are not interdependent.” Carter v. Carter, 198 W.Va. 171, 177, 479 S.E.2d 681, 687 (1996). Accordingly, the West Virginia Supreme Court has held that the mere fact that all parental rights, including the right to visitation, have been terminated does not impact the parent's duty to support the child. In re Stephen Tyler R., 213 W.Va. 725, 742, 584 S.E.2d 581, 598 (2003).

Based on the foregoing, I would reverse the trial court's judgment and remand the case with instructions that the court enter a judgment in favor of the mother for all child support accruing after the entry of the judgment terminating parental rights. Because the majority affirms the judgment, I respectfully dissent.

BRYAN, Judge.

THOMPSON, P.J., and PITTMAN, J., concur. THOMAS, J., concurs in the result, without writing. MOORE, J., dissents, with writing.