ÿWPC –aQ.¢kH ž"õ:bž\öšT1ˆÏ2ÞÎÑ]Qó·ßž­k‘y Z(6"_ÝXÙaCà±meE„p¨I4m+Ÿ5=½c_önÙ@*À\ŽQ¶§·|¯bê­õÕÌf*bOmèÀ]3ÓRÊ¥NÆØüP™CY#kët•ý÷˜}–Ä{O—Ýñüü(Ç!›çú¨¬·Šl1€!Ê -o‡$¢;S9ñÓ¦ŸM'ª%®µ¢_™޳²¨w9F/s÷´F\ÁL’mPuÊ€ƒ hÊ7˜äªÇÀž>«ÖÃíUVÏ´|N³?™’¢’?~'¡J+Îeœ¼òe\‹“³uÉht§ÕŽÀÚ†oÅô] º¨>ÚRDP$Øm Yû–ß7S-rßtS,œØNn(¾ ƒìJÏ+d\ˆó¬aBÊZÒà:+òbª ,ü˜+æóaAKõŠ^Ì·ûÇ ‚Ëk°(qǽS‚gß½<šMéXÛ@™4;ºG_(H:'V»mØäÐtÉ®ç¤ô/sˆÕ"ÏB¯ëÜL4“µxÁhÆ¡a² ²(øYf9?Äôoã3íÉLÏTbК ãÓ|ãb;ÒîÂÈ.NÎÆXùaÒ 9éÞˆ+ÐE!–²;ã(#!0UNQ %Ÿ 0(¥U FÍw@4Sgv mxUF 0lÕ 0DAUB…-Çôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôô Bü˜Acrobat PDFWriter,ð,,,,,ð0(ÈhH  Z6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡<4šÛ 9Z+‹.Courier New Regular É&Ê&™Ë&Ì&DÍ&DÎ&EÏ&Ð&EÑ&DÒ&U«Mq)–Þ¬ ±gp7h73|xÒ&ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ¥yL –AZ‹.Arial Black Regular((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpi #Ñ#€jaXÿÿd#Ñ  dÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ݛԀXà^XXXÔÑ€ûP ÑÑ8€$ªXXdúdú8ÑÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÔ‡ âÂ!XXà^Ôò ò¢Headnote£ó óÔ#†Xà^X! âÂ#Ô:€ò òòòMichael€Lawrence€West€v.€State€of€Marylandóó,€No.Ð ° Ð3025,€September€Term,€1999.ÌÌÌCRIMINAL€LAW€„€JURISDICTION€„ó ó€At€common€law,€territorialÐ vÆ Ðjurisdiction€is€determined€by€the€situs€of€the€crime,€each€crimeÏhaving€but€one€situs.€€Maryland,€ñÂ&ñhñÂ&ñowever,ñÃ&ññ¿&ñ€ñ¿&ññÃ&ñ€does€not€rigidly€holdÏto€the€common€law€notion€that€the€situs€of€the€crime€must€be€aÏsingular€element.ÌÌò òCRIMINAL€LAW€„€JURISDICTION€„ó ó€The€element€of€elements€judiciallyÐ É   Ðdetermined€to€constitute€the€situs€of€a€crime€must€be€essentialÏelements.ÌÌò òCRIMINAL€LAW€„€EVIDENCE€„ó ó€The€doctrine€of€curative€admissibilityÐ Zª  Ðis€ñÄ&ññ»&ñonly€ñ»&ññÄ&ñapplicable€ñÄ&ñonly€ñÄ&ñwhen€used€to€counter€inadmissible€evidenceÏadmitted€without€objection.ÌÌò òCRIMINAL€LAW€„€NATURE€AND€ELEMENTS€OF€CRIME€„ó ó€MultipleÐ ë; Ðconvictions€for€handgun€use€in€violation€of€Article€27,€ððÏ¢36B£(d),€are€appropriate€in€the€context€of€multiple€victims.Ð  º § ÐÒÀ°ÒÑe°ÑÓ  ÓÔ‡Xà^XXXà^ÔÑ  ÑñÌ&ñÌÌÌñÌ&ñÔ‡¼µ»XXà^Ôò òREPORTEDó óÔ#†Xà^X»¼µb#ÔÐ ° ÐÌòòIN€THE€COURT€OF€SPECIAL€APPEALSÐ ¤ô ÐÌOF€MARYLANDóóÐ f¶ ÐÌÌNo.€3025ÌÌSeptember€Term,€1999ÌÌ_________________________________ñÍ&ñ__ÌñÍ&ñÌÌÌMICHAEL€LAWRENCE€WESTÌÌÌv.ÌÌÌSTATE€OF€MARYLANDÌÌÌÌ_________________________________ñÎ&ñ__ñÎ&ñÌÌÌÓ  Óà  àà p àMurphy,€C.J.,Ìà  àà p àThieme,*Ô#†Xà^XXXà^)#ÔÔ‡Xà^XXXà^Ô€€€€€€€€€Ô#†Xà^XXXà^M#ÔÔ‡Xà^XXXà^ÔÐ ~Î Ðà  à€€€€€Sonner,Ô#†Xà^XXXà^˜#ÔÔ‡Xà^XXXà^ÔÐ _¯ Ðà  àà p àà È àà  àà x àJJ.Ì_________________________________ñÏ&ñ__ñÏ&ñÌÌà@ÔÔ/ôàOpinion€by€Sonner,€J.ˆÌÌ________________________________ñÐ&ñ___ñÐ&ñÌñÑ&ñÌÌñÑ&ñÌÓ  Ó*Thieme,€J.€participated€in€theÏhearing€and€conference€of€thisÏcase€while€an€active€member€ofÏthis€Court;€he€participated€in€theÏadoption€of€this€opinion€as€aÏretired,€specially€assigned€memberÏof€this€Court.ÌÌÌFiled:Ô#†Xà^XXXà^#Ô€December€28,€2000Ð P- (. ÐñÉ&ññÈ&ñÒ°ÀÒñÈ&ñÐ  ° ÐØØÓÓÑ  ÑñÉ&ññÊ&ñÒ°ÀÒñÊ&ññË&ñÓÓñË&ññÒ&ñÐ 1.)/· ÐñÒ&ñà  àThe€present€case€requires€this€Court€to€address€the€issueÏof€territorial€jurisdiction€between€two€sovereign€governments.€ÏAppellant,€Michael€Lawrence€West,€claims€the€State€of€MarylandÏwas€without€jurisdiction€to€prosecute€him€for€the€same€criminalÏacts€for€which€he€was€convicted€in€Washington,€D.C.€severalÏmonths€earlier.€€In€furtherance€of€this€claim,€appellant€raisesÏthe€following€four€questions:ÌñÉ&ñÓÓñÉ&ñà8  à(1)à0` Ð Ð àWas€the€evidence€legally€insufficient€toÐ þN  Ðestablish€Marylandððs€jurisdiction€as€to€theÏcharges€of€first€degree€rape€and€first€degreeÏsexual€offense€of€Ms.€¢Diggs£?Ð ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  à(2)à0` Ð Ð àDid€the€trial€judge€err€when€instructing€the€juryÐ È Ðthat€it€could€find€Maryland€had€jurisdiction€toÏprosecute€Appellant€for€a€crime€if€some€elementÏof€the€crime€occurred€in€Maryland?Ð ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  à(3)à0` Ð Ð àDid€the€trial€judge€err€in€prohibiting€defenseÐ ’"â" Ðcounsel€from€informing€the€jury€that€theÏAppellant€was€already€tried€and€convicted€for€theÏsame€offenses€in€the€District€of€Columbia,€whereÏState€introduced€evidence€of€the€co„defendantððsÏincarceration€in€Maryland€for€the€same€offenses?Ð\+¬&,` Ð ` Ð  Їà8  à(4)à0` Ð Ð àMust€the€conviction€and€sentence€on€one€count€ofÐ ° Ðuse€of€a€handgun€be€merged?Ð ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌñÉ&ñÓÀ ÓñÉ&ñFor€the€reasons€set€forth€below,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€theÏtrial€court.€€Ìà  àShortly€after€midnight€on€October€17,€1997,€Michael€LawrenceÏWest€(ð ðWestðð),€accompanied€by€¢Jamahl£€¢Higgs£€(ð ð¢Higgs£ðð),€¢carjacked£Ïand€robbed€Gregory€¢Tolson£€(ð ð¢Tolson£ðð)€and€¢Traci£€¢Diggs£€atÏgunpoint.€¢Tolson£€and€¢Traci£€¢Diggs£€were€returning€home€from€aÏHoward€University€alumni€event€when€West€and€¢Higgs£€approachedÏ¢Tolson£ððs€car€in€the€parking€lot€of€¢Tolson£ððs€Prince€GeorgeððsÏCounty€apartment€home.€€West€ordered€¢Tolson£€to€get€out€of€theÏcar€and€then€robbed€him€of€his€cash€and€car€keys.€€West€gave€theÏkeys€to€¢Higgs£€and€the€two€men€drove€across€the€state€line€intoÏWashington,€D.C.,€with€¢Traci£€¢Diggs£€in€the€back€seat.€€WhileÏdriving€through€the€streets€of€Washington,€West€and€¢Higgs£€rapedÏand€robbed€¢Traci£€¢Diggs£.€€Ìà  àOn€August€16,€1999,€the€Superior€Court€of€the€District€ofÏColumbia€sentenced€West€to€twelve€years€to€life€for€first€degreeÏsexual€abuse€while€armed;€seven€to€twenty„one€years€for€armedÏrobbery;€and€five€to€fifteen€years€for€possession€of€a€firearmÏduring€the€commission€of€a€violent€dangerous€offense.€€SeveralÏmonths€later,€the€Prince€Georgeððs€County€Circuit€Court€alsoÐ \+¬&, Ðtried€West,€and€found€him€guilty€of€kidnaping,€first€degreeÏrape,€first€degree€sexual€offense,€two€counts€of€first€degreeÏassault,€¢carjacking£,€robbery€with€a€deadly€weapon,€robbery,€andÏtwo€counts€of€the€use€of€the€handgun€in€the€commission€of€aÏfelony.€€Ìà  àWest€filed€a€pre„trial€motion€in€the€circuit€court€toÏdismiss€the€charges€of€rape€and€sexual€offense.€€West€arguedÏthat€since€those€criminal€acts€against€¢Traci£€¢Diggs£€took€place€inÏWashington,€D.C.,€Maryland€did€not€have€proper€jurisdiction€toÏcharge€him€with€those€crimes.€€The€circuit€court€denied€theÏmotion€and€West€has€appealed€the€same€issue.Ìà  àIt€is€outside€Marylandððs€territorial€jurisdiction€to€convictÏa€person€for€offending€the€laws€of€the€State€of€Maryland€if€theÏoffense€is€committed€in€another€state.€€òòState€v.€Cainóó,€360€Md.Ð ŠÚ Ð205,€211„12,€757€A.2d€142€(2000);€òò¢Pennington£€v.€Stateóó,€308€Md.Ð f¶ Ð727,€730,€521€A.2d€1216€(1987);€òòGoodman€v.€Stateóó,€237€Md.€64,Ð B’ Ð67,€205€A.2d€53€(1964);€òòBreeding€v.€Stateóó,€220€Md.€193,€200,€151Ð !n  ÐA.2d€743€(1959);€òòBowen€v.€Stateóó,€206€Md.€368.€375,€111€A.2d€844Ð ú"J" Ð(1955);€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€51€Md.€App.€321,€325„26,€443€A.2d€967Ð Ö$& $ Ð(1982),€òòvacated€on€other€groundsóó,€298€Md.€634,€471€A.2d€1055Ð ²&"& Ð(1984).€€ð ðIt€is€a€general€principle€of€universal€acceptationÏthat€one€state€or€sovereignty€cannot€enforce€the€penal€orÏcriminal€laws€of€another,€or€punish€crimes€or€offenses€committedÐ ,b', Ðin€and€against€another€state€or€sovereignty.ðð€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€19Ð ° ТS.E.£€602€(N.C.€1894).Ìà  àAt€common€law,€as€one€noted€commentator€observes,Ïð ð[¢J]urisdiction£€over€crimes€is€limited€even€further€than€theÏterritorial€principle€would€seem€to€require,€by€the€notion€thatÏeach€crime€has€only€òòoneóó€situs,€and€that€òòonlyóó€the€place€of€theÐ ” ä  Ðsitus€has€jurisdiction.ðð€€1€òòWayne€R.€¢LaFave£€&€Austin€W.€Scott,€Jr.,Ð pÀ  ÐSubstantive€Criminal€Lawóó€ðð€2.9(a),€at€180€(1986)€(emphasis€added).€Ð 2‚  ÐIn€the€instance€of€murder,€for€example,€the€crime€is€committedÏat€the€place€where€the€fatal€force€impinges€upon€the€body€of€theÏvictim,€rather€than€where€the€defendantððs€act€has€initiated€theÏfatal€force€or€where€the€victim€dies.€€òòSee€State€v.€Stoutóó,€76Ð :Š ÐMd.€317,€318,€25€A.€299€(1892);òò€Hall,€óó19€¢S.E.£€at€602.€€Thus,€ifÐ f Ða€man€standing€in€the€State€of€North€Carolina€fires€a€gun€acrossÏthe€state€line,€striking€and€killing€a€victim€in€the€State€ofÏTennessee,€the€crime€is€committed€in€Tennessee,€and€NorthÏCarolina€will€not€have€jurisdiction€over€the€crime.€€òòSee€Hallóó,Ð 8!ˆ  Ð19€¢S.E.£€at€604.Ìà  àThe€history€of€territorial€jurisdiction€finds€its€roots€inÏthe€English€common€law€of€venue.€€In€the€early€periods€ofÏEnglish€law,€it€was€necessary€that€a€jury€came€from€the€vicinageÏwhere€the€matters€of€fact€occurred.€€As€a€result€of€this€rule,Ïhowever,€€crimes€committed€across€county€lines€often€wentÐ Þ+.', Ðunanswered€because€neither€county€asserted€jurisdiction€over€theÏdefendant.€€òòStoutóó,€76€Md.€at€321„22.€€As€former€Chief€JudgeÐ r ТAlvey£€wrote€in€òòStoutóó:Ð Nž ÐÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[¢T]o£€fix€a€certain€venue€for€the€trial€ofÏthe€crime,€the€statute€of€2€&€3€¢Edw£.€VI.€wasÏpassed,€and,€after€reciting€in€a€longÏpreamble€the€great€failures€of€justice€whichÏarose€from€such€extreme€nicety,€that€statuteÏenacted€that€in€cases€of€striking€orÏpoisoning€in€one€county€and€death€ensuing€inÏanother€the€offender€could€be€indicted,Ïtried,€and€punished€in€the€district€orÏcounty€where€the€death€happened,€as€if€theÏwhole€crime€had€been€perpetrated€within€theÏboundary€of€such€district€or€county.Ð ` x` x ÐÌÓ#ÓòòStout,€óó76€Md.€at€322.Ð —ç Ðà  àModern€Maryland€law€reflects€this€statement.€òò¢Urciolo£€v.Ð sà ÐStateóó,€272€Md.€607,€325€A.2d€878€(1974);€òòGoodmanóó,€237€Md.€64,Ð OŸ Ð205€A.2d€53€(1964);€òòMedley€v.€Wardenóó,€210€Md.€649,€123€A.2d€595,Ð +{ Ðòòcert.€deniedóó,€352€U.S.€858,€77€S.Ct.€77,€1€L.Ed.2d€64€(1956);Ð W ÐòòBowen€v.€Stateóó,€206€Md.€368,€111€A.2d€844€(1955);€òò¢Grindstaff£€v.Ð ã3 ÐStateóó,€57€Md.€App.€412,€470€A.2d€809,€òòcert.€denied,óó€299€Md.€655,Ð ¿  Ð474€A.2d€1344€(1984);€òòJonesóó,€51€Md.€App.€at€321.€€Yet,€MarylandÐ ›"ë! Ðdraws€a€clear€distinction€between€venue€and€territorialÏjurisdiction.€€òòState€v.€Butleróó,€353€Md.€67,€73,€724€A.2d€657Ð 9&‰!% Ð(1999)€(ð ðVenue€.€.€.€pertains€to€the€county€in€which€a€case€canÏbe€tried;€territorial€jurisdiction€concerns€whether€the€offenseÏwas€committed€within€the€boundaries€of€the€State.ðð).€€Ð ™+é&+ Ðà  àMaryland,€however,€does€not€rigidly€hold€to€the€notion€thatÏthe€situs€of€a€crime€must€be€a€singular€element.€€In€òòJones,Ð r Ðsupraóó,€this€Court€did€not€define€a€singular€situs€for€the€crimeÐ Nž Ðof€rape.€òòJonesóó,€51€Md.€App.€at€326„27.€€The€appellee€in€òòJonesóóÐ * z Ðurged€this€Court€to€choose€the€penetration€element€of€rape€asÏthe€situs€of€the€crime€and€decline€jurisdiction€because€theÏpenetration€occurred€outside€the€State€of€Maryland.€€òòId.óó€at€337„Ð ŠÚ  Ð38.€€Instead,€we€sought€to€determine€jurisdiction€by€inquiringÏwhether€the€essential€elements€of€rape€took€place€withinÏMarylandððs€borders.€€òòId.óó€at€330.€€Finding€that€the€elements€ofÐ ê: Ðforce,€lack€of€consent,€and€placement€of€the€victim€in€imminentÏfear€of€kidnaping€did,€in€fact,€take€place€in€Maryland,€weÏaffirmed€the€jurisdiction€of€the€circuit€court.€€òòIdóó.€at€329.€€Ð Jš Ðà  àOur€departure€in€òòJonesóó€from€the€traditional€ð ðone€situs,€oneÐ &v Ðjurisdictionðð€analysis€was€not€extraordinary.€€Every€sovereigntyÏmay€interpret€the€situs€of€a€crime€differently.€€The€common€lawÏdoes€not€evolve€throughout€the€several€states€uniformly.€€JustÏas€each€state€may€define€the€particular€criminal€elements€ofÏcertain€proscribed€acts,€each€state€may€also€define€the€situs€ofÏthe€crime€based€upon€where€certain€acts€take€œplace.›€€Therefore,Ïit€is€entirely€possible€that€one€state€may€choose€theÏpenetration€element€of€rape€as€the€situs€of€that€crime,€while€aÏneighboring€state€may€consider€a€different€element€of€rape€toÐ ,b', Ðconstitute€the€situs€of€the€crime.€€In€such€an€example,€bothÏstates€may€prosecute€the€defendant€for€the€same€act.€€As€JudgeÏRaker€recently€explained,ÌÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€question€of€how€to€determine€inÏwhich€state€a€crime€has€been€committed€hasÏbeen€settled€in€various€ways€by€the€severalÏstates€.€.€.€Some€courts€have€asserted€thatÏa€crime€may,€for€jurisdictional€purposes,Ïhave€several€essential€elements,€òòand€thatÐ [«  Ðwhere€these€occur€in€several€states,€eachÏsuch€state€has€jurisdictionóó.Ð7‡ ` x` x ÐÌÓŠ0ÓòòCainóó,€360€Md.€at€214€(emphasis€added).Ð V  Ðà  àThis€conclusion€is€well€founded€within€the€doctrine€of€dualÏsovereignty.€€The€dual€sovereignty€doctrine€is€rooted€in€ð ðtheÏcommon€law€conception€of€crime€as€an€offense€against€theÏsovereignty€of€the€government.ðð€òòHeath€v.€Alabamaóó,€474€U.S.€82,Ð (x Ð88,€106€S.Ct.€433,€88€L.Ed.2d€387€(1985).€€The€power€of€eachÏsovereign€state€to€determine€jurisdiction€over€criminal€actsÏthat€occur,€even€remotely€within€a€stateððs€boundary,€is€embodiedÏwithin€our€federalist€system€of€government.€€As€Justice€OððConnorÏstated€in€òòHeathóó:Ð  "\! ÐÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIt€is€as€well€established€that€the€States,Ïð ðas€political€communities,€[are]€distinctÏand€sovereign,€and€consequently€foreign€toÏeach€other.ðð€òòBank€of€United€States€v.Ð ‹&Û!& ÐDanielóó,€12€Pet.€32,€54€(1838).€€òòSee€alsoÐ y'É"' ТSkiriotes£€v.€Floridaóó,€313€U.S.,€at€77;€òò¢Coyle£Ð g(·#( Ðv.€Oklahomaóó,€221€U.S.,€at€567.€€TheÐ U)¥$) ÐConstitution€leaves€in€the€possession€ofÏeach€State€ð ðcertain€exclusive€and€veryÏimportant€portions€of€sovereign€power.ðð€€TheÐ ,U', ÐFederalist€No.€9,€p.55€(J.€Cooke€ed.€1961).€ÏForemost€among€the€prerogatives€ofÏsovereignty€is€the€power€to€create€andÏenforce€a€criminal€code.€€òòSee,€e.g.,€AlfredÐ S£ ÐL.€¢Snapp£€&€Son,€Inc.€v.€Puerto€Rico€ex€rel.Ï¢Barez£óó,€458€U.S.€592,€601€(1982);€òò¢McCulloch£,Ð /  Ðsupra€óó,€at€418.€€To€deny€a€State€its€powerÐ  m Ðto€enforce€its€criminal€laws€because€anotherÏState€has€won€the€race€to€the€courthouseÏð ðwould€be€a€shocking€and€untowardÏdeprivation€of€the€historic€right€andÏobligation€of€the€States€to€maintain€peaceÏand€order€within€their€confines.ðð€€òò¢Bartkus£,óóÐ pÀ  Ð359€U.S.,€at€137.Óå4ÓÐ ` x` x ÐòòHeathóó,€474€U.S.€at€93.€€€€Ð  p  Ðà  àWe€are€mindful,€however,€that€we€must€adhere€to€importantÏlimitations€in€determining€whether€a€crime€is€committed€withinÏthe€jurisdiction€of€Maryland.€€The€dissenting€opinion€of€JudgeÏ¢Eldridge£€in€òò¢Trindle£€v.€Stateóó,€326€Md.€25,€602€A.2d€1232€(1992),Ð B’ Ðwarns€the€expansion€of€state€territorial€jurisdiction€overÏcriminal€cases€could€lead€to€ð ðfriction€among€the€states€andÏovertax€the€criminal€justice€resources€of€this€State.€€It€wouldÏlead€to€trials€of€defendants€in€jurisdictions€far€away€fromÏwhere€the€offenses€were€actually€committed,€in€violation€of€theÏMaryland€Declaration€of€Rights€and€the€Sixth€Amendment.ðð€€òòIdóó.€atÐ è#8# Ð53.Ìà  àTo€safeguard€against€unwarranted€expansion,€the€element€orÏelements€that€constitute€the€situs€of€a€crime€must€be€òòessentialÐ H)˜$) Ðelementsóó€of€that€crime.€€It€is€not€enough€for€the€State€to€proveÐ $+t&+ ÐÑûP Ñâ âÑ8€$ªXXdúXXdú8Ñâ âÑ  Ñòòany€elementóó€of€the€crime€occurred€in€Maryland€to€establishÐ ° Ðjurisdiction.€€Furthermore,€the€State€is€required€to€proveÏjurisdiction€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJonesóó,€51€Md.€App.€atÐ Nž Ð340.€€As€the€Court€of€Appeals€recently€stated,€ð ð[¢w]hen£€theÏevidence€generates€a€genuine€issue€and€becomes,€therefore,€aÏfactual€determination€for€the€trier€of€fact,€the€prosecutionÏmust€prove€territorial€jurisdiction€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€ÏòòButleróó,€353€Md.€at€83„84.€€€€Ð 2‚  Ðà  àThis€leads€to€the€discussion€of€appellantððs€claim€that€theÏPrince€Georgeððs€County€Circuit€Court€erred€when€it€instructedÏthe€jury€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àIf€you€find€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÏthat€òòsomeóó€of€the€elements€of€these€crimesÐ 5… Ðoccurred€in€Maryland,€and€they€were€part€ofÏa€continuing€course€of€conduct,€includingÏthe€remaining€elements€of€those€crimesÏoccurring€in€another€jurisdiction,€theÏdefendant€may€be€found€guilty€of€theseÏoffenses.€(Emphasis€added).Ð ` x` x ÐÌÓAÓà  àAs€noted€òòsupraóó,€a€finding€of€ð ðsomeðð€or€ð ðanyðð€element€of€aÐ J š Ðcrime€is€not€enough€to€prove€jurisdiction€is€proper.€€TheÏelement€or€elements€judicially€determined€to€constitute€theÏsitus€of€a€crime€must€be€essential€elements;€however,€we€statedÏin€òòJonesóó€that€òòeveryóó€element€of€rape€is€an€essential€element€ofÐ l'¼"' Ðthe€crime.€€òòJonesóó,€51€Md.€App.€at€328€(ð ðEach€[element]€isÐ H)˜$) Ðtherefore€integral€to€the€charge.ðð).€€Thus,€a€finding€of€anyÐ $+t&+ Ðelement€of€rape€is€a€finding€of€an€essential€element€of€rapeÏconstituting€the€situs€of€the€crime€and€determinative€ofÏjurisdiction.€€Although€it€would€be€better€practice€for€a€trialÏcourt€to€enumerate€the€essential€elements€of€a€crime€whenÏinstructing€a€jury€about€jurisdiction,€the€instructions€in€theÏinstant€case€as€to€the€charges€of€first€degree€rape€and€firstÏdegree€sexual€offense€were€without€error.€Ìà  àWe€now€turn€our€attention€to€Westððs€final€two€claims.€€WestÏargues€that€the€circuit€court€wrongly€prohibited€him€fromÏinforming€the€jury€of€his€conviction€in€the€Superior€Court€forÏthe€District€of€Columbia€arising€from€the€same€criminal€conduct.€ÏHe€asserts€that,€because€the€State€elicited€direct€testimonyÏfrom€¢Higgs£€explaining€that€¢Higgs£€pled€guilty€to€first€degreeÏsexual€offense€in€Maryland,€West€was€entitled€to€presentÏevidence€of€his€own€conviction€in€Washington,€D.C.€under€theÏdoctrine€of€curative€admissibility.€€However,€the€doctrine€ofÏcurative€admissibility€is€inapplicable€to€the€case€at€hand.€€InÐ Ð   ÐòòClark€v.€Stateóó,€332€Md.€77,€629€A.2d€1239€(1993),€the€Court€ofÐ ’"â" ÐAppeals€explained,€ð ð[¢w]e£€hold€that€a€trial€judge€has€theÏdiscretion€to€permit€curative€admissibility€of€inadmissibleÏevidence€to€counter€other€òòinadmissible€evidenceóó€admitted€withoutÐ ò'B#( Ðobjection.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€90€(emphasis€added).€€Here,€by€contrast,€theÐ Î)%* Ðevidence€of€¢Higgs£ððs€guilty€plea€was€not€inadmissible€evidence.€Ð ª+ú&, ÐThe€government€is€allowed€to€question€an€accomplice€as€to€hisÏguilty€plea€for€the€ð ðpurpose€of€exposing€in€advance€the€basisÏfor€a€credibility€attack€on€the€damaging€testimony€that€theÏwitness€gave.ðð€€òò¢Clemmons£€v.€Stateóó,€352€Md.€49,€58,€720€A.2d€1170Ð ö F Ð(1998).€€Ìà  àFurthermore,€the€issue€of€Marylandððs€jurisdiction€over€theÏcrime€charged€is€a€question€of€fact€for€the€Maryland€jury.€€ItÏis€wholly€irrelevant€that€a€jury€sitting€in€Washington,€D.C.Ïdetermined€jurisdiction€over€West€and€tried€him€for€violationsÏof€the€District€of€Columbia€criminal€code.€€As€discussed€òòsupraóó,Ð œì Ða€finding€of€jurisdiction€in€one€State€does€not,€in€and€ofÏitself,€bar€Maryland€from€successively€finding€jurisdiction€forÏthe€same€conduct.€€Ìà  àIn€òòBailey€v.€Stateóó,€303€Md.€650,€496€A.2d€665€(1985),€theÐ ¾ Ðappellant,€¢Erquies£€C.€Bailey,€argued€that€evidence€of€a€previousÏconviction€in€the€State€of€New€Jersey€for€the€same€crime€he€wasÏcurrently€being€prosecuted€for€in€Maryland€would€establish€thatÏhe€was€a€ð ðreceiverðð€and€not€a€ð ðrobber.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€660.€€BaileyÐ à"0" Ðargued€that,€if€he€could€establish€this€fact,€Maryland€would€beÏcollaterally€¢estopped£€from€going€forward€with€the€prosecution.€ÏòòIdóó.€€The€Court€of€Appeals€ruled€that€collateral€estoppel€had€noÐ @(#( Ðapplication€because€different€parties€were€adverse€to€Bailey€inÏthe€New€Jersey€and€Maryland€prosecutions.€€òòId.€€óóSimilarly,Ð Þ+.', Ðbecause€Washington,€D.C.€and€Maryland€are€different€parties€toÏWest,€the€circuit€court€correctly€prohibited€the€Washington,ÏD.C.€jury€from€deciding€facts€within€the€province€of€theÏMaryland€jury.€€Finally,€the€circuit€court€found€that€theÏð ðprejudicial€value€of€revealing€to€this€jury€that€anotherÏjurisdiction€may€have€convicted€this€defendant€of€one€or€more€ofÏthe€charges€that€are€before€the€court€far€outweighs€anyÏprobative€value.ðð€€We€agree€and€will€not€disturb€that€ruling.€€Ï€Ìà  àWestððs€final€claim€on€appeal€is€that€the€two€counts€of€useÏof€a€handgun€in€the€commission€of€a€felony€or€a€crime€ofÏviolence€in€violation€of€the€Maryland€Code€(1957,€1996€Repl.ÏVolòò.óó,€2000€Supp.)€Art.€27,€ðð€¢36B£(d),€must€merge.€€Merger€isÐ È Ðinappropriate€in€this€case€because€each€count€pertained€to€aÏseparate€victim.€€The€jury€found€West€guilty€of€the€use€of€aÏhandgun€in€the€commission€of€a€felony€or€a€crime€of€violenceÏagainst€Gregory€¢Tolson£.€€Under€a€separate€count,€the€jury€foundÏWest€guilty€of€use€of€a€handgun€in€the€commission€of€a€felony€orÏcrime€of€violence€against€¢Traci£€¢Diggs£.€€The€Court€of€AppealsÏaddressed€this€question€in€òòBrown€v.€Stateóó,€311€Md.€426,€535€A.2dÐ 0&€!& Ð485€(1988).€€ð ðAt€least€in€the€context€of€multiple€victims,Ïnothing€in€the€language€of€ðð€¢36B£(d)€suggests€.€.€.€that€thereÏcan€be€only€one€handgun€use€offense€per€criminal€transaction.€Ð +à&, ÐWe€are€convinced€that€multiple€handgun€use€convictions€andÏsentences€are€appropriate€where€there€are€multiple€victims.ðð€ÏòòId.óó€at€435„436.€€We€find€òòBrownóó€applicable€to€the€facts€of€theÐ 4„ Ðinstant€case€and€affirm.Ìà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àò òà  àJUDGMENT€AFFIRMED.Ð Ò " Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àCOSTS€TO€BE€PAID€BY€APPELLANT.€Ïó ó¹Ñ  ÑñÒ&ñÔ‡ XŒæ XXXà^ÔñÒ&ñÔ‡¼µ»XXà^ÔÓ  ÓÓÓœñÒ&ñÔ#†¼Г» » ¼e< Y#ÔñÒ&ñÔ#†Xà^X»¼µßX#ÔÓþXÓ