ÿWPC¹1 ©Ö°ƒ:÷C6¿Ï6z:ú0QÂð¹§R'²HLë­eèéó,ґΙäG#د%Éb.jxI'¾¶~õöìBÌß„A†ƒ ÔHww™óæKì/µÅ.ÜX®0iPLDùn"¤)jäx@A–NdnÓ‚³Ó––p?MT²ó”uP.–U¦öÛ¨&ëÄ“ ®Ãä Ť)<ôü{µ'Á‘)6{=@Œ¥‹{´CU’®áÃÓ‚Ù3ÄtõôÁ”' ",¨ÚÛ»É~‰ˆéøÖYÒ‰ÎÖ¤µ€¬*(¯ž*ðTM³3$0â Ô¶oS)Ó„Ê…{PlÄ+胦r-9Q‹^Ïx@UqúÁÇIгÖÍꕯO»ç©J!…¦Z½ïMÜIâÛ#wÌC¸vŽlÒÁ³”cqzÞîÕ¡vJ *®áõÎäesIñRmV°ªÉÚ˜4ÜÜy Q+êvy”2ê•mŒò’FîaM7Ù·3ÀFðzk91ŽÞPÁĶ´ùÊã¬Ñyµ…0zQÔÿñÛ‡æ`W/Äá@RZÂ|AõN p“â.D°Ê¤XS{ý'%jÕRö1*Æ—ÕÙ²¸\…RÖ²*›ËÑ\~³:Œžn#!UF% %k 0(q UF™ 0‰ß 0ƒh 0vë 0va 0¥× 0‰| 0Ü 0ïá 0±Ð 0 0ƒ 0)˜ 0<Á 0Ný 0aK 0Ú¬ 0¯† 0¯5 0Îä 0Dz 0Æy 0ä? 0®# 0®Ñ 0z 0¹ù ² 0=à 0F 0PF 1“– 0®) 1× 0·Ü! 0C“" 1·Ö"¢#U:/'bi' Bq'Ž'E¤'¦'w@¦'4æ' 1gú'a(4v(4Š(4ž(4²(4Æ(4Ú(î(UF) 1mI)¶)Å)‰Ç) mP-g-4o- 0Dƒ-4Ç-4Û-4ï-~..404•04©0©0©0©0©0©0©0b½0 Å0 Í0 Õ0Õ0 Ý0 å0 í0 õ0õ04ý0414%1491919191919191919191919191 0lM1˜HP LaserJet 5MP,ð,,,,,ð0<4šÛ 9Z+‹.Courier New RegularX($¡¡à.Courier New RegularV1 ×ß8Document[8]Document Styleà0..àà8` ..` àÛ  ÛÌÌV$‡›8Document[4]Document Styleà..àò òòòÛ  Û.óó€€ó óV äå8Document[6]Document Styleà8..àÛ  ÛÌÌV Äã8Document[5]Document Styleà0..àÛ  ÛÌÌV:ä8Document[2]Document StyleÌò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔA.Ô3  Ô€òòÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÌÌó óóóV1 ·Ý8Document[7]Document Styleà0..àà0` ..` àÛ  ÛÌÌz` :Right Par[1]Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersàÐ.. àÛ  ÛÔ2ÔI.Ô3  Ô€ˆà°..°àà0..àÌÌzs BÇ:Right Par[2]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..ààÐ` ..øàÛ  ÛÔ2ÔA.Ô3  Ô€ˆà..àà0` ..` àÌÌVJ8Document[3]Document StyleÌà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ô1.Ô3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÌó óz† Çû:Right Par[3]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` ààи ..P àÛ  ÛÔ2Ô1.Ô3  Ô€ˆà` ..` àà0¸ ..¸ àÌÌz™ &ò:Right Par[4]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ ààÐ..¨ àÛ  ÛÔ2Ôa.Ô3  Ô€ˆà¸ ..¸ àà0..àÌÌz­ {j:Right Par[5]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààÐh..ˆàÛ  ÛÔ2Ô(1)Ô3  Ô€ˆà..àà0h..hàÌÌzÀ Ä´:Right Par[6]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÐÀ..ààÛ  ÛÔ2Ô(a)Ô3  Ô€ˆàh..hàà0À..ÀàÌÌzÒ Ž:Right Par[7]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..ÀààÐ..°àÛ  ÛÔ2Ôi)Ô3  Ô€ˆàÀ..Ààà0..àÌÌzå :Right Par[8]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..Ààà..ààÐp..àÛ  ÛÔ2Ôa)Ô3  Ô€ˆà..àà0p..pàÌÌVcÒ08Document[1]Document StyleÌÔ  Ôà@ì..^àòòò òÔ  ÔÛ  ÛÔ2ÔI.Ô3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔˆÌÌóóó ól= g:Technical[5]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ô(1)Ô3  Ô€.€€ó ól= …:Technical[6]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ô(a)Ô3  Ô€.€€ó ól:%ÊÀ:Technical[2]Technical Document StyleÌò òÛ  ÛÔ2ÔA.Ô3  Ô€òòÔ  ÔÔ  ÔóóÌÌà..àó ól7!›:Technical[3]Technical Document StyleÌò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ô1.Ô3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÌà..àó ól6! ):Technical[4]Technical Document Styleò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ôa.Ô3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÌà..àó ólE0 D:Technical[1]Technical Document StyleÌòòò òÔ  ÔÛ  ÛÔ2ÔI.Ô3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÌÌóóà..àó ól<a~:Technical[7]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ôi)Ô3  Ô€.€€ó ól<a…:Technical[8]Technical Document Styleà..àò òÛ  ÛÔ2Ôa)Ô3  Ô€.€€ó óR& ÿÿ8BibliogrphyBibliographyà0..àà°..°àÌÌfEÿÿ2Doc InitInitialize Document StyleÓ€ ÓÈÓ(€ $     (ÓØØ!"#(ÿÿ$˜˜Ìà0 àà à(ÿÿ$™™à0 àà0 àà à((ÿÿ$ššà0 àà0 àà0 àà à    ÿÿA_ekqw‡DocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a)jDÿÿ4Tech InitInitialize Technical StyleÓ(€ & (ÓØØ ÿÿCuy±ÉåTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1x?ãt2PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paperÓÈÓÑ °ÑÑè°ÑÖ€*ÿÿÖ(2C$¨¨Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý  ÿÿCƒ‰•›£«±Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) ˜Ý ƒ(R(ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€+rùXXXÔÓÈÓÒX°ÒÒ°°ÒÓÿÿÀ°œXÓß?€-/'ü°ø*–dEü°ø*?ßß?€-/'°ø*–dE°ø*?ßÌÌàHHÀà1ˆÌÌàHHÀà2ˆÌÌàHHÀà3ˆÌÌàHHÀà4ˆÌÌàHHÀà5ˆÌÌàHHÀà6ˆÌÌàHHÀà7ˆÌÌàHHÀà8ˆÌÌàHHÀà9ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà10ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà11ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà12ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà13ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà14ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà15ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà16ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà17ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà18ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà19ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà20ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà21ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà22ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà23ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà24ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà25ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà26ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà27ˆÌÌàÐÐÀà28Ô  à.À+Ô<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpi- ù- d Ñ e Ñ ðñDòDóDôõDöE÷EøDùlzÁ(esktгˆ$ÿÿ35;AGMU]c1I.A.1.a)(1)(a)i)  Ñ  Ñ Ñ  Ñ<ô6Nß9`(.Courier 10cpiItalic# e37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)3|xù Ý ƒmÖ*$ÝÔ€`XµXXXÔà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›€€A€tortious€assault€is€defined€as€ð ðany€unlawful€attempt€toÐ ° Ðcause€a€harmful€or€offensive€contact€with€the€person€of€anotherÏor€to€cause€an€apprehension€of€such€contact.ðð€€òòContinental€Cas.Ð \¬ ÐCo.€v.€Mirabileóó,€52€Md.€App.€387,€398€(1982).€€What€constitutesÐ 2‚ Ðan€ð ðoffensive€contactðð€could€obviously€mean€vastly€differentÏthings€to€different€people,€if€it€was€defined€by€a€subjectiveÏtest.€€€As€we€stated€in€òò¢Pettit£€v.€Erie€Insurance€Exchangeóó,€117Ð ´  ÐMd.€App.€212,€224€(1997),€however,€what€constitutes€an€offensiveÏcontact€is€defined€by€a€community€standard,€and€as€such€ð ðisÏoffensive€if€it€offends€a€reasonable€sense€of€personal€dignity.ððÏ(quoting€Restatement€(Second)€of€Torts€ðð€19€(1965)).€ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ (#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó tÝ ƒmÖ*$ÝÔ€`XµXXXÔà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý›€€It€may€be€sufficient€if€the€offending€party€knows€of€aÐ ° Ðvictimððs€particular€susceptibilities€and€seeks€to€take€advantageÏof€them.€€òòSeeóó€W.€Page€¢Keeton£€et€al.,€òòProsser€and€¢Keeton£€on€theÐ \¬ ÐLaw€of€Tortsóó€ðð€10,€at€44€(5òòthóó€ed.€1984)(discussing€assault€andÐ 8ˆ Ðstating€that€ð ð[¢p]erhaps£,€however,€if€the€defendant€has€knowledgeÏof€the€plaintiffððs€peculiar€and€abnormal€timidity,€and€intends€toÏact€upon€it,€there€should€be€a€right€to€recover....").- ù-1235678((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ݛр4P¨ÑÑ8€5WXXdÖdÖ8ÑÑ  ÑÑ€SÑÔ‡+XH)XXXÔÓ=€+H)+XXdÐd=ÓÑ  ÑÑ€;P¨Ññðñà@üü#ìàò òòòJAMES€R.€EYLERóóó óˆÐ ° Ðà@hh#ìàò òAssociate€JudgeˆÐ  ð Ðà@LLìàCourt€of€Special€AppealsˆÌà@ÄÄìàCounty€Courts€BuildingˆÌà@ðð"ìà401€Bosley€AvenueˆÌà@ˆˆìàTowson,€Maryland€€21204ó óˆÐ À ÐÌÌÌà@,,"ìàNovember€1,€2000ˆÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌThe€Hon.€Sally€D.€AdkinsÌP.O.€Box€1029ÌSalisbury,€MD€21803„1029ÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àRe:€à  àKatsenelenbogen€Ð X Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àv.€KatsenelenbogenÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNo.€2840Ìà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àSept.€Term,€1999ÌÌÌÌDear€Sally:ÌÌÌà  àI€enclose€a€revised€copy€of€Katsenelenbogen.€€Please€noteÏrevisions€on€pages€27€and€28€which€appear€in€redline€andÏstrikeout.€€These€changes€were€made€before€the€Conference€but€notÏsent€out€to€the€Court.€€Also,ñðñÔ#†X5WXX+XH)€#ÔñðñÔ‡+X@»XXXµÔ€after€yesterday's€Conference,€IÐ 0 €# Ðrevised€pages€27€and€28€and€have€noted€those€changes€in€redlineÏand€strikeout€as€well.€€Please€let€me€have€your€ñéñthoughts.ñéñÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àSincerely,ÌÌ€ÌÔ#†XµXX+X@»[#ÔÔ‡<X7|XXXµÔà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È à€òòJimóóÐ p&À!+ ÐÌÔ#†XµXX<X7|#ÔÔ‡+X@»XXXµÔà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àÌÌJRE:smÌEnclosureÌÌñìñÐ  °,(2  ÐÑ 4P¨;P¨Ñâ 4âÑ  Ñâ ;4âÑ  Ñâ ;âÑ  ÑñìñÔ#†XµXX+X@»k#ÔñðñÔ‡+XH)XXX5WÔñðñÌñðñò ò¢HEADNOTE£:ó óà0 ` àò òòòà0¸ ` (#` (#àó ó¢Sergey£€¢Katsenelenbogen£€v.€Janet€¢Katsenelenbogen£,óóÐ ° ÐNo.€2840,€September€Term,€1999Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðòòò òÌÌÌÌóóó óÌÌÌÌ_________________________________________________________________ÌÌÌò òFAMILY€LAW€ð"ð€DOMESTIC€VIOLENCE€STATUTE€ð"ð€ó óÐ  ð  ÐÌà0  àUnder€the€domestic€violence€statute,€FL€ðð€4„501€òòet€seq.óó,€ifÐ X¨  Ða€protective€order€is€sought€on€the€ground€that€theÏpetitioner€was€in€fear€of€imminent€serious€bodily€harm,€theÏstandard€to€be€applied€is€objective,€not€subjective.€€AÏprotective€order€should€be€tailored€to€fit€the€conduct.Ð # ð(#(#\ #ÐÑ 4P¨;P¨Ñâ 4âÑ  Ñâ ;4âÑ  Ñâ ;âÑ  ÑÑ 4P¨;P¨Ñâ 4âÑ  Ñâ ;4âÑ  Ñâ ;âÑ  ÑÌÓC€ 3 ÿÿ$#=CÓÓ=€+ˆ+XXd+XXd=ÓÒ°ÒÒh°ÒÓ<( pÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.81°œX<ÓÑä°ÑÓ  ÓREPORTEDÌÌòòIN€THE€COURT€OF€SPECIAL€APPEALSóóÐ < X ÐÌòòOF€MARYLANDóóÐ Ì è ÐÌNo.€Ô% ‡T ÔÔ%†Tÿ Ô2840ÌÌSeptember€Term,€1999ÌÌßA€-/) °°xdE{XAßÐ |˜  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌÌÌ¢SERGEY£€¢KATSENELENBOGEN£ÌÔ% ‡U ÔÔ%†UÃÔÌÌÌÌv.ÌÌÌÌÌÔ% ‡V ÔÔ%†VìÔJANET€¢KATSENELENBOGEN£ÌÌÌÌÌÌßA€-/) °°xdE*XAßÐ +G  ÐÌÓ  Óà p à¢Eyler£,Ìà p àÔ% ‡X ÔÔ%†X«Ô¢Thieme£,Ìà p àÔ% ‡Y ÔÔ%†YßÔBloom,€Theodore€G.Ìà p à€€(Ret.,€specially€assigned),ÌÌÒ?ÒÔ% ‡Z ÔÔ%†ZIÔÔ% ‡[ ÔÔ%†[gÔÌÒ?Òà p àà È àà  àà x àJJ.ÌÌßA€-/) °°xdEA&XAßÐ B&^* ÐÌà@5ÄàOpinion€by€¢Eyler£,€J.ˆÌÌßA€-/) °°xdE¨(XAßÐ ©(Å!. ÐÌFiled:ñùñ€November€14,€œ2000ñùñ›Ð  €)œ"0Ÿ ÐѰäÑÒ°ÒÒ°hÒØØÓÓÔ#†X5XX+XˆF #ÔÑ€,SÑÑ€.ïWÑà  àAppellant,€¢Sergey£€¢Katsenelenbogen£,€appeals€from€a€protectiveÐ ° Ðorder€entered€by€the€Circuit€Court€for€Montgomery€County€in€favorÏof€appellee,€Janet€¢Katsenelenbogen£,€pursuant€to€the€MarylandÏDomestic€Violence€Statute,€Md.€Code€(1999€Repl.€Vol.)€ðððð€4„501€etÏseq.€of€the€Family€Law€Article€("FL").€€Appellant€contends€thatÏ(1)€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€support€the€issuanceÏof€a€protective€order€and€(2)€if€appellee€were€entitled€to€someÏrelief,€the€relief€granted€was€not€supported€by€the€evidence.€€WeÏhold€that€(1)€if€the€basis€is€fear€of€imminent€serious€bodilyÏharm,€the€fear€must€be€reasonable€and€(2)€the€relief€must€beÏtailored€to€the€situation€being€addressed.€€As€a€result,€weÏvacate€the€order€and€remand€for€further€consideration.Ìà@´´!ìàò òFactual€Backgroundó óˆÐ À Ðà  àThe€parties€were€married€in€April€1986,€and€had€threeÏchildren€as€a€result€of€the€marriage.€€The€marital€home€wasÏtitled€in€the€names€of€both€parties.€€Appellee€was€a€pediatricÏnurse€and€worked€approximately€24€hours€per€week.€€Appellee€had€aÏchronic€back€problem,€for€which€she€took€medication.€€The€partiesÏhad€a€live„in€nanny€who€helped€to€care€for€the€minor€children.Ìà  àOn€or€about€December€9,€1999,€appellee€asked€appellant€toÏmove€out€of€the€marital€home.€€Appellant€did€not€leave.€Ìà  àOn€January€1,€2000,€appellant€advised€the€live„in€nanny€thatÏshe€was€fired€and€would€have€to€vacate€the€marital€home€becauseÏappellant€wanted€to€use€the€room€that€she€had€been€occupying.€Ð @+&. ÐWhen€appellee€learned€of€this,€she€disapproved,€and€afterÏconsulting€her€lawyer,€took€the€position€with€appellant€that€heÏcould€not€force€the€nanny€to€leave.Ìà  àDuring€that€conversation€between€the€parties,€appellant€usedÏthe€cordless€telephone€to€call€the€police.€€While€making€theÏcall,€appellant€walked€out€of€the€house€onto€the€driveway,€andÏappellee€followed€him.€€One€of€the€parties'€children,€Alexander,Ïage€9,€followed€appellee.€€After€appellant€finished€hisÏconversation€with€the€police,€he€dialed€another€number€and€beganÏspeaking€in€Russian.€€Appellee€continued€to€request€the€phone,Ïand€according€to€appellee,€appellant€shoved€her€by€placing€hisÏleft€hand€on€her€shoulder.€€Also,€according€to€appellee,ÏAlexander€placed€himself€between€them,€and€appellant€shovedÏAlexander.€€Appellant€testified€that€appellee€followed€him,€butÏhe€denied€any€contact.€€Prior€to€January€1,€2000,€appellant€hadÏnever€harmed€appellee€or€contacted€her€in€an€improper€orÏoffensive€manner.€€Ìà  àOn€January€3,€2000,€appellee€filed€a€petition€for€protectionÏfrom€domestic€violence.€€In€that€petition,€she€stated€that€sheÏwas€filing€it€on€behalf€of€herself€and€Alexander,€claiming,Ï"shoving,"€"threats€of€violence,"€and€"mental€injury€of€a€child."€ÏAn€attachment€to€the€petition€described€the€incident€whichÏoccurred€on€January€1.€€An€ex€parte€order€was€issued€on€JanuaryÏ3,€and€a€hearing€was€scheduled€for€January€10.€€Ð $+t&. Ðà  àAt€the€hearing€on€January€10,€appellant€and€appelleeÏtestified.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€hearing,€the€circuit€court€Ïissued€a€protective€order,€reciting€that€appellee€was€a€personÏeligible€for€relief€as€the€current€spouse€of€appellant,€and€thatÏon€January€1,€during€a€verbal€argument,€appellant€shoved€appelleeÏand€their€nine„year„old€son.€€The€order€recites€that€"she€wasÏbadly€shaken.€€Is€afraid€for€her€safety."€€The€protective€orderÏwas€a€printed€form€completed€and€executed€by€the€court.€€The€formÏdescribed€acts€of€abuse€with€boxes€beside€them.€€The€only€boxÏchecked€as€an€act€of€abuse€was€described€as€an€act€"which€placedÏperson€eligible€for€relief€in€fear€of€imminent€serious€bodilyÏharm."€Ìà  àBy€its€terms,€the€order€was€effective€until€January€3,€2001;Ïappellant€was€ordered€not€to€contact€appellee€except€for€purposesÏof€visitation;€appellant€was€ordered€to€vacate€the€marital€home;Ïcustody€of€the€three€minor€children€was€awarded€to€appellee;Ïemergency€family€maintenance€was€awarded€to€appellee;€andÏexclusive€use€and€possession€of€a€certain€vehicle€was€awarded€toÏappellee.Ìà  àWe€shall€set€forth€in€detail€the€testimony€of€appellee€andÏthe€findings€of€the€trial€court€in€order€to€discuss€the€issuesÏpresented.Ìà@””%ìàò òDiscussionó óˆÐ x)È$, Ðà  àFamily€Law€ðð€4„506(c)(ii)€provides€that€a€court€may€grant€aÐ @+&. Ðprotective€order€to€any€person€eligible€for€relief€from€abuse€ifÏthe€court€finds€òòby€clear€and€convincing€evidence€that€the€allegedÐ \¬ Ðabuse€has€occurredóó.€€Section€4„501€states€that€abuse€means€"(i)Ð X Ðan€act€that€causes€serious€bodily€harm;€(ii)€an€act€that€places€aÏperson€eligible€for€relief€in€fear€of€imminent€serious€bodilyÏharm;€(iii)€assault€in€any€degree;€(iv)€rape€or€sexual€offense€asÏdefined€by€Art.€27,€ðððð€462€through€464C€of€the€Code€or€attemptedÏrape€or€sexual€offense€in€any€degree;€or€(iv)€falseÏimprisonment."€€We€are€concerned€only€with€(ii),€as€that€is€the€Ïfinding€made€by€the€circuit€court€as€the€œsole›€basis€for€theÏprotective€order.€€The€petition€and€order€were€based€on€theÏJanuary€1€incident.€€Under€the€statute,€therefore,€to€support€theÏissuance€of€a€protective€order€in€this€case,€there€must€beÏevidence€to€support€a€finding€that€on€January€1€appellee€was€inÏfear€of€imminent€serious€bodily€harm.€€Ìà  àAppellee€testified€in€pertinent€part€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[Appellee's€Counsel]:Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€You€filed€a€petition€for€protection€fromÏdomestic€violence€in€this€Court€on€JanuaryÏ3rd,€that€is€correct?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€Correct.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€where€did€the€events€occur€which€youÏdescribe€in€the€petition?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€At€Lautrec€Court,€at€our€home.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€on€what€date€did€those€events€occur?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€New€Year's€Day,€January€1st.Ðú+J'/` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€At€about€what€time?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€2:30€in€the€afternoon.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€what€happened€at€2:30€in€theÏafternoon?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€I€returned€home€with€my€children€from€myÏmother's€house.€€We€had€spent€New€Year's€EveÏthere.€€I€got€out€of€the€car.€€My€nannyÏappeared€to€be€very€upset,€and€she€said€sheÏneeded€to€talk€to€me.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€pulled€her€aside€so€that€we€couldÏspeak€privately.€€She€told€me€that€my€husbandÏhad€told€her€that€she€needed€to€move€out,Ïthat€although€he€like[d]€her€that€she€wouldÏneed€to€go,€that€her€services€would€no€longerÏbe€required.Ð ` x` x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€.€.€.ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€What€happened€after€your€conversation?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€After€our€conversation€I€learned€that€sheÏwas€to€be€terminated.€€I€then€went€and€calledÏ[appellee's€counsel].€€I€was€in€a€panicÏbecause€this€is€somebody€that€I€have€come€toÏdepend€on.€€This€is€somebody€that€I€careÏabout€deeply.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThis€is€someone€that€my€children€love,Ïand€that€she€loves€them,€and€I€trust€with€myÏchildren,€and€I€didn't€know€whether€he€couldÏmake€her€leave€or€not€make€her€leave,Ïlegally.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Did€you€want€her€to€leave?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€I€did€not€want€her€to€leave,€and€I€wasÏscared€to€death€that€she€was€going€to,€and€IÏdidn't€know€where€that€was€going€to€lead.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àYou€know,€so€I€called€you€to€find€outÏwhat€ð"ð€what€my€legal€rights€were.€€You€saidÏthat€I€hired€her,€and€as€long€as€I€was€payingÏher€that€he€could€not€make€her€leave€theÏhome.Ðú+J'/` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAfter€learning€this€ð"ð€and€you€also€saidÏthat€it€depended€on€how€much€she€couldÏtolerate.€€I€explained€this€to€her.€€I€toldÏher€that€I€needed€her€to€stay.€€I€reallyÏwanted€her€to€stay.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€walked€upstairs.€€My€husband€was€inÏthe€bathroom.€€I€sat€on€the€edge€of€the€bedÏand€waited€for€him€to€come€out.€€He€came€out.€ÏI€told€him€that€I€had€learned€of€hisÏintention€to€let€Nanette€go€ð"ð€Nanette€is€ourÏnanny€ð"ð€and€that€I€wanted€her€to€stay,€that€IÏneeded€her€there,€and€he€said€that€she€had€toÏgo,€and€I€said,€"Well,€I€hired€her.€€I'veÏbeen€paying€her.€€I€need€her€services,€and€IÏneed€her€help.€€I€depend€on€her€and€she's€notÏleaving."Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€said,€"Yes€she€is."Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€said,€"No,€she's€not."Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àWe€went€back€and€forth€two€or€threeÏtimes.€€He€said,€"Okay,€do€you€want€to€doÏthis€now,€or€would€you€like€to€do€thisÏlater?"Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€did€not€know€what€he€meant€by€that,Ïbut€I€said,€"I€want€to€do€it€now."Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€picked€up€the€cordless€phone€andÏstarted€walking€down€the€stairs.€€I€startedÏfollowing€him.€€He€told€me€to€get€away€fromÏhim.€€I€asked€him€what€he€was€doing.€€He€saidÏhe€was€calling€the€police.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€followed€him€down€the€stairs€as€he€wasÏcalling€the€police.€€As€we€got€downstairs€toÏthe€foyer,€my€nine„year„old€son€then€joinedÏus.€€He€exited€the€house.€[He€was]€[o]n€theÏphone€with€the€police€while€I€was€repeatedlyÏrequesting€for€him€to€give€me€the€phone.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€was€telling€them€that€he€had€anÏemployee€that€he€had€fired€that€was€refusingÏto€leave€the€home,€that€he€wanted€her€ð"ð€theÏpolice€to€come€and€remove€her€from€the€house.Ð ` x` x ÐÐ ú+J'/ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€said,€"Please€come€quickly€becauseÏthe€situation€could€escalate,€and€there€couldÏbe€some€possible€violence."€€Which€I€took€toÏbe€a€threat.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà@ÀÀ(ìà.€.€.ˆÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€continued€to€follow€him€down€theÏdriveway,€and€I€asked€him€to€hand€me€theÏphone€so€I€could€speak€to€the€police.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€said,€"I€will€give€you€the€phone€whenÏI'm€done€speaking€to€the€police."Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€whole€time€he€was€shoutingÏprofanities€at€me.€€He€then€hung€up€with€theÏpolice€and€began€to€dial€another€number.€€HeÏbegan€speaking€in€Russian.€€Again,€IÏrequested€that€he€hand€me€the€phone.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àQ€€Do€you€speak€Russian?ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€No,€I€do€not.€€I€assume€he€was€speakingÏwith€his€mother.€€I€was€facing€him.€€He€hadÏthe€phone€in€his€right€hand.€€He€shoved€meÏwith€his€left€hand,€which€set€me€off€balance.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Where€did€he€touch€you?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€He€touched€me€on€my€right€shoulder.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Okay.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€And€shoved€me.€€At€that€point€my€son€doveÏin€between€us.€€He€then€shoved€my€son€out€ofÏthe€way.€€At€that€point€I€ð"ð€the€adrenalinÏstarted€running.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€ran€over€[to]€my€neighbor's€house.€ÏThey€asked€if€I€was€okay.€€I€told€them€IÏreally€didn't€know,€but€I€needed€to€use€theÏphone,€and€I€need[ed]€to€use€it€immediately,Ïand€they€handed€me€the€telephone€and€left€theÏroom€to€give€me€privacy€to€talk.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àMy€son€was€with€me€at€their€house.€€IÏcalled€the€police€and€told€them€what€happenedÏfrom€my€perspective€and€that€he€had€shovedÐ ú+J'/ Ðme.€€The€police€ð"ð€the€lady€ð"ð€or€theÏdispatcher€told€me€that€there€was€already€aÏcar€in€route,€but€that€she€would€call€themÏand€let€them€know€the€situation,€and€to€stayÏat€the€neighbor's€house€until€the€police€gotÏthere.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:€€Object€to€what€everÏ[sic]€€the€police€told€her,€again.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Sustained.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€Okay.€€At€that€point€I€wasÏwaiting€for€the€police,€but€I€was€concernedÏbecause€Nanette€was€still€in€the€house€withÏhim,€and€he€also€reeked€of€alcohol.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€had€ð"ð€I€asked€my€neighbor€to€go€overÏthere€to€tell€Nanette€to€come€over€to€theirÏhouse.€€As€we€opened€the€door€we€saw€NanetteÏstanding€in€the€driveway.€€I€flagged€herÏback,€and€I'm€sorry,€Your€Honor,€but€I€forgotÏone€part€of€it.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAfter€he€shoved€me€and€my€son,€he€thenÏplaced€the€phone€in€the€crook€of€his€neck,Ïstuck€his€hands€in€his€pockets,€smiledÏsarcastically,€and€said,€"See,€I€didn't€even"Ïð"ðÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:€€Objection.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Overruled.€€This€is€what€he€Mr.ÏKatsenelenbogen€ð"ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:€€The€term€sarcastic€isÏwhat€my€ð"ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àTHE€COURT:€€Overruled.ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€And€he€said,€"See,€I€didn'tÏeven€touch€you.€€I€didn't€even€touch€you.€€MyÏhands€were€in€my€pocket[s].€€I€didn't€evenÏtouch€you."Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€went€into€the€house€saying,€"I€didn'tÏeven€touch€you."Ð ` x` x ÐÐ ú+J'/ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAnyhow,€at€that€point€Nanette€came€overÏto€their€house€and€we€waited€for€the€policeÏofficers€to€arrive.€€They€interviewedÏNanette.€€They€interviewed€my€husband,€andÏthey€interview[ed]€myself.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThey€said€that€they€ð"ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:€€Objection.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àTHE€COURT:€€Sustained.ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€I'm€sorry.€€They€did€notÏinterview€my€son.€€They€wanted€to€call€anÏambulance€because€at€that€point€I€was€feelingÏfaint€and€I€was€badly€shaken.€€I€declined.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:€€Objection.€€How€wouldÏshe€know€what€they€wanted€to€do€or€not€do?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àTHE€COURT:€€Overruled.ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€Okay.€€They€stated€that€theyÏwanted€to€call€an€ð"ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€All€right,€well€just€tell€me€whatÏhappened.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€I€stuck€my€ð"ð€I€got€a€glass€ofÏwater,€put€my€head€between€my€legs€andÏwaited,€and€the€police€at€that€point€asked€meÏif€I€had€somewhere€to€go€because€they€saidÏthat€my€husband€did€not.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:€€Objection.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€All€right.€€Just€tell€me€what€youÏdid.€€What€happened?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€I'm€sorry.€€I'm€a€littleÏnervous.€€At€that€point€I€told€the€policeÏthat€I€could€go€to€my€parents'€house.€€IÏrequested€that€they€stay€with€me€while€IÏpacked€my€things.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThey€agreed€to€do€so.€€I€packed€ð"ð€butÏthey€said€they€couldn't€ð"ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÐ ú+J'/ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:€€Objection.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€Oh,€sorry.€€They€ð"ð€I€packedÏeverything€into€the€car€for€the€three€kids.€ÏI€stuck€all€three€kids€in€the€car.€€I€packedÏthe€pet€rabbit€and€the€dog€because€I€didn'tÏknow€what€he€would€do€to€them.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€had€actually€tried€to€ð"ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:€€Objection.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€All€right.€€So€you€went€to€yourÏparents'€house.€€Have€you€been€there€sinceÏthis€ð"ð€since€January€1st?€€Or€have€[you]Ïreturned€to€the€ð"ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€Have€returned€to€my€ð"ð€no,€IÏreturned€to€my€own€home€after€I€got€the€orderÏð"ð€restraining€order.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Okay.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€But€ð"ð€I'm€sorry.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLEE'S€COUNSEL]:€€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Has€your€husband€ever€physically€touchedÏyou€like€that€before,€or€harmed€you€in€anyÏway€like€that?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€He€has€not€physically€touched€me€before.€ÏHe€has€displayed€violent€behavior€and€angerÏcontrol€problems€before.€€There€are€severalÏholes€in€our€wall.€€He€did€try€to€kick€myÏdog,€and€fortunately€missed.€€Had€he€got€him,Ïhe€most€certainly€would€have€killed€him.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:€€Objection.€€Draws€a€conclusion.ÌÌà  àà ` àTHE€COURT:€€Sustained.ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€There€are€several€holes€in€theÏwall.€€He€has€been€calling€me,€usingÏprofanity€in€front€of€the€children.€€He€hasÏexhibited€anger€and€threatened€to€throwÏthings€against€the€wall€in€front€of€theÏchildren.Ðú+J'/` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€arrived€home€one€night,€after€he€hadÏcome€back€from€a€long€trip,€and€he€was€notÏgiving€me€any€money€ð"ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:€€Objection.€€TimeÏframe.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€When€was€this?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€Just€about€a€couple€of€daysÏbefore€the€January€1st€event.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€told€him€ð"ð€I€called€ð"ð€I€told€him€thatÏif€he€wanted€food€in€the€house€that€he€wouldÏhave€to€buy€it€because€he€wasn't€giving€meÏany€money€and€I€did€not€have€enough€to€buyÏfood€for€the€children,€and€he€left€to€goÏgrocery€shopping.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àWhile€he€was€out,€I€had€forgotten€to€askÏhim€to€buy€litter€for€the€rabbit.€€I€did€haveÏ$2.50€in€my€wallet.€€I€came€home€with€theÏlitter.€€He€started€shouting€at€me,€in€frontÏof€children,€that,€"You€have€money€to€buyÏlitter€for€the€rabbit,€but€you€don't€haveÏmoney€to€feed€our€children."€€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€starts€pulling€things€out€of€theÏtrash€can,€saying,€"See,€this€only€costsÏ$1.39.€€See,€this€only€costs€$.69."Ð ` x` x ÐÌà@ÀÀ(ìà.€.€.ˆà8 @ àà8 @ àÌÌà  àà ` à[APPELLEE'S€COUNSEL]:ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Are€you€afraid€for€your€safety€due€to€yourÏhusband's€conduct€on€January€1st?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€I€am,€and€the€fact€that€he€also,€on€otherÏoccasions,€has€been€ð"ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:€€Objection.€€NotÏresponsive.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àTHE€COURT:€€Overruled.ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€ð"ð€and€has€been€drinkingÏalcohol,€and€acting€ð"ð€behaving€irrationally.€€Ðú+J'/` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLEE'S€COUNSEL]:Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Do€you€believe€your€physical€safety€willÏbe€in€jeopardy€unless€the€Court€grants€yourÏrequest€for€protective€order?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€I€do.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Are€you€requesting€this€Court€grant€yourÏrequest€for€protective€order?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àA€€I€am.Ìà@ÀÀ(ìà.€.€.ˆÌÌà  àà ` à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€looking€at€the€incident€that€you€haveÏdescribed,€when€he€came€out€of€the€shower,Ïyou€were€sitting€there,€isn't€that€correct€ð"ðÏon€the€bed?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€I€don't€know€that€he€came€out€of€theÏshower,€he€came€out€fully€dressed,€but€I€wasÏsitting€on€the€edge€of€the€bed,€correct.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Did€he€hit€you€at€that€time?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€No€he€did€not.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€then€he€went€to€grab€the€telephone€andÏyou€pursued€him,€yes€or€no?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€I€followed€him.€€I€wanted€to€hear€what€heÏwas€going€to€do.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€you€were€going€down€the€steps€and€heÏwas€going€down€the€steps,€and€you€wereÏfollowing€him€down€the€steps?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€I€was€walking€down€the€steps.€€I€wanted€toÏhear€what€he€was€going€to€do,€yes.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Okay,€and€he€told€you€to€get€away€fromÏhim,€didn't€he?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€He€did.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àQ€€And€did€you€listen€to€him?Ð ú+J'/ Їà  àà ` àA€€No,€because€ð"ð€ÌÌà  àà ` àQ€€Thank€you.ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€ð"ð€I€needed€to€know€what€he€was€going€toÏtell€the€police.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€But€you€didn't€have€to€follow€him,€didÏyou?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€I€felt€I€did.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àQ€€You€felt€you€did.ÌÌà  àà ` àA€€I€felt€I€did.ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Because€you€knew€that€he€was€going€to€hitÏyou.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€No€ð"ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` à[APPELLEE'S€COUNSEL]:€€Objection.ÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€ð"ð€because€I€needed€to€protectÏmy€children.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLANT'S€COUNSEL]:Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Protect€your€children?€€He€was€walking€outÏof€the€house,€out€of€the€door,€isn't€thatÏcorrect?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€Yes,€and€the€children€were€there.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€he€was€trying€to€get€away€from€youÏwasn't€he?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€He€was€trying€to€get€away€from€me€so€IÏwouldn't€[hear]€what€he€was€telling€theÏpolice.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€you€pursued€him.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€And€I€pursued€him€because€I€did€not€wantÏmy€children€to€see€someone€they€loved€draggedÏout€of€the€house.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€did€you€ð"ð€so€you€agree.€€You€didn'tÐ ú+J'/ Ðneed€to€follow€him?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€Yes,€I€did€need€to€follow€him.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àOkay.€€Did€anything€stop€you€from€picking€upÏa€phone,€or€going€to€a€neighbor's€house,€orÏusing€some€other€phone?€€Yes€or€no?Ð ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€Well,€I€attempted€to€hang€up€our€phone€onÏanother€line,€but€it€did€not€work,€and€IÏdidn't€see€a€reason€to€run€to€the€neighborsÏbecause€he€told€me€that€when€he€was€finishedÏtalking€to€the€police€he€was€going€to€hand€meÏthe€phone.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€you€were€in€fact,€at€all€times€thoughÏthis€whole€incident,€pursuing€your€husbandÏwho€was€not€pursuing€you?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€That€is€correct€ð"ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Thank€you.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€ð"ð€but€that€does€not€justify€putting€yourÏhands€on€someone€else's€person.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€you€were€trying€to€get€the€phone.€€YouÏwere€trying€to€give€him€the€phone,€isn't€thatÏcorrect?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€No,€that€is€not€correct.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€You€weren't€trying€to€get€the€phone?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€No.€€I€was€following€him€and€I€repeatedlyÏasked€him€for€the€phone.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€So€you€weren't€trying€to€get€the€phone?€ÏYes€or€no?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€I€did€not€touch€his€person.€€I€wasÏattempting€verbally€to€get€the€phone.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà@ÀÀ(ìà.€.€.ˆÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[APPELLEE'S€COUNSEL]:Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Did€you€do€anything€to€encourage€yourÐ ú+J'/ Ðhusband€to€strike€you?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€No,€I€did€not.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€And€your€husband€had€never€hit€you€before,Ïcorrect?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€€No,€he'd€never€hit€me,€but€he€has€ð"ð€as€IÏtold€the€Court€before,€displayed€violentÏbehavior€many€¢many£€times.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà@ÀÀ(ìà.€.€.ˆÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ€€Did€you€pursue€him€anticipating€that€heÏwould€strike€you?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àA€€No,€I€did€not.ÌÌÌÓÓà  àThe€court€concluded:ÌÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAll€right.€€Well,€as€I€said€at€theÏconclusion€of€the€case,€the€legislature€hasÏseen€fit€to€pass€this€law€that€will€requireÏthe€Court€to€act€if€they€are€convinced€thatÏthere€is€clear€and€convincing€evidence€thatÏthere€is€perhaps€a€situation€which€may€becomeÏvolatile€or€result€in€something€happeningÏwhere€someone€is€injured,€and€I€think€thatÏthere€is€a€volatile€situation€here,Ïunfortunately,€and€I€don't€know€what€theÏcause€of€it€is.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€don't€know€if€it€is€the€extra„maritalÏaffair€or€if€it€is€the€alcoholic€consumption,Ïor€what€it€is,€but€obviously€these€folks€areÏnot€getting€along.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àBy€both€testimonies,€Mr.€KatsenelenbogenÏis€going€to€move€to€another€place€in€theÏhouse,€so€obviously€the€marriage€is€not€goingÏwell,€and€again,€I€understand€that€he€wants€aÏreconciliation;€perhaps€she€doesn't;€perhapsÏwhen€this€matter€gets€into€Court€the€groundsÏfor€the€divorce€may€well€lie€with€Mr.ÏKatsenelenbogen,€but€until€that€happens,€IÏthink€these€folks€should€be€separated.Ð ` x` x ÐÐ ú+J'/ ÐÑ.ïWÑâ .âÑe°Ñâ .âÑ  Ñà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€am€convinced€that€there€was€aÏvoluntary€separation€on€this€incident€andÏthat€Ms.€Katsenelenbogen€was€in€fact€shoved,Ïand€I€will€grant€the€protective€order.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThis€has€no€bearing€on€the€final€outcomeÏof€this€case€whatsoever.€€This€is€merely€aÏband„aid€attempt€to€separate€these€folks€soÏnobody€gets€hurt,€but€it€is€not€a€situationÏwhere€Mr.€Katsenelenbogen€is€going€to€loseÏeverything€or€whatever€as€a€result€of€thisÏhearing€because€I€am€going€to€put€on€hereÏthat€it€is€without€prejudice€and€should€notÏhave€any€bearing€on€the€ultimate€decision€asÏto€the€merits€hearing,€both€on€the€monetaryÏand€the€award€of€custody,€but€I€am€going€toÏgrant€the€protective€order€that€will€remainÏin€effect€through€January€3€of€the€year€2001,Ïthat€there€should€be€no€contact€between€theÏpetitioner€and€the€respondent,€and€[theÏrespondent]€shall€vacate€the€family€home,Ïwhich€I€will€grant€a€use€and€possession,€atÏthis€time,€to€the€petitioner,€withoutÏprejudice.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAgain,€I€suggest€that€the€matters€beÏfiled€immediately€so€this€can€get€on€for€aÏfull€hearing.€€I€will€indicate€that€theÏresidential€custody€of€the€minor€children€beÏawarded€to€the€petitioner€at€this€time,€thatÏis€residential,€and€that€liberal€visitationÏbe€granted€to€the€respondent€without€theÏconsumption€of€alcohol,€and€again€this€wouldÏbe€without€prejudice€to€the€respondentÏseeking€custody€of€the€children,€and€I€willÏalso€order€that€family€maintenance€in€theÏamount€of€$2,000.00€be€paid€commencingÏFebruary€1st,€the€year€2000,€that€theÏexclusive€use€and€possession€of€the€ToyotaÏ¢Previa£€be€awarded€to€the€petitioner,€and€thatÏif€there€are€any€firearms,€that€all€firearmsÏbe€surrendered€to€the€Montgomery€CountyÏSheriff's€Department.Ð ` x` x ÐÌÓÓÓÓÌÓhŽÓà  àVictims€of€domestic€violence€are€not€limited€to€a€particularÏage€or€gender,€but€such€violence€is€a€particular€threat€to€women.€Ð ú+J'/ ÐòòSeeóó€Philip€C.€Crosby,€òòCustody€of€¢Vaughn£:€Emphasizing€theÐ ° ÐImportance€of€Domestic€Violence€in€Child€Custody€Casesóó,€77€¢B.U.L.£Ð h¸ ÐRev.€483,€483€(1997).€€Women€are€ð ðmore€likely€to€be€assaulted€andÏinjured,€raped,€or€killed€by€a€current€or€ex„partner€than€by€allÏother€types€of€assailants€combined.ðð€€òòId.óó€(citing€Council€onÐ x È ÐScientific€Affairs,€Am.€Med.€¢Assððn£,€òòViolence€Against€Women:Ð $ t  ÐRelevance€for€Medical€Practitionersóó,€267€¢JAMA£€3184,€3185€(1992)).€Ð Ü,  ÐDomestic€violence€also€has€a€grave€impact€on€children€in€ourÏcountry,€with€between€3.3€to€10€million€children€witnessingÏdomestic€violence€each€year.€€òòSeeóó€Marlene€¢Rapkin£,€òòNote:€TheÐ ì< ÐImpact€of€Domestic€Violence€on€Child€Custody€Decisionsóó,€19€J.Ð ¤ô ТJuv£.€L.€404,€404€(1998)òò€(óóciting€òòDomestic€Violence€Statisticsóó,Ð \¬ ÐPAC.€BUS.€NEWS,€Nov.€17,€1997,€òòavailable€inóó€1997€WL€15021813).€Ð d ÐStudies€have€shown€that€children€from€homes€in€which€domesticÏviolence€occurs€are€more€likely€to€experience€a€variety€of€otherÏproblems,€including€substance€abuse,€gang€activities,€eatingÏdisorders,€nightmares,€peer€and€school€related€difficulties,€andÏsuicidal€tendencies.€€òòId.óó€(citing€òòDomestic€Violence€Statistics,Ð |!Ì" ÐóóPAC.€BUS.€NEWS,€Nov.€17,€1997,€òòavailable€inóó€1997€WL€15021814).€€Ð 4#„$ Ðà  àMaryland€enacted€the€Domestic€Violence€Act€in€1980€byÏChapter€887€of€the€Acts€of€1980.€€It€has€been€codified€as€part€ofÏthe€Family€Law€Article€since€1984.€€€òòKaufman€v.€Motleyóó,€119€Md.Ð D(”#* ÐApp.€623,€624€n.1€(1998).€€As€discussed€in€òòKaufmanóó,€the€purposeÐ ð)@%, Ðof€the€Domestic€Violence€Act€is€to€provide€immediate€protection:Ð œ+ì&. ÐÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThat€the€Act€was€designed€to€aid€victims€ofÏdomestic€abuse€by€providing€an€immediate€andÏeffective€nonmonetary€remedy€is€readilyÏapparent.€€To€this€end€the€legislatureÏempowered€courts€to€order€that€...€specifiedÏprotective€devices€be€implemented,€all€toÏprotect€the€victimsðð€immediate€and€futureÏsafety.Ó –ÓÐ ` x` x Ð119€Md.€App.€at€630„31€(quoting€òò¢Barbee£€v.€¢Barbee£óó,€311€Md.€620,Ð 6 †  Ð623€(1988)).Ìà  àBecause€of€the€widespread€occurrence€of€domestic€violenceÏand€the€frequent€catastrophic€effect,€preventive€measures€to€haltÏthe€occurrence€of€further€violence€are€to€be€applauded.€€ForÏthose€same€reasons,€allegations€of€domestic€violence€are€veryÏserious,€and€the€issuance€of€a€protective€order€normally€carriesÏwith€it€grave€consequences€for€the€perpetrator.€If€a€protectiveÏorder€is€issued€without€a€sufficient€legal€basis,€thoseÏconsequences€frequently€cannot€be€erased.€€In€that€situation,€theÏalleged€perpetrator€may€suffer€unfairly€from€the€directÏconsequences€of€the€order€itself,€which€may€include€removal€fromÏhis€or€her€home,€temporary€loss€of€custody€of€his€or€herÏchildren,€or€temporary€loss€of€a€family€car.€€òòSeeóó€¢F.L.£€ðð€4„506.€Ð ò!B# ÐThe€alleged€perpetrator€may€also€suffer€from€the€social€stigmaÏthat€attaches€to€the€order.€Ìà  àWith€respect€to€direct€consequences,€the€de€facto€effect€onÏcustody€is€an€example.€€A€protective€order€does€not€awardÏpermanent€custody€of€children.€€òòSeeóó€òò¢Coburn£€v.€¢Coburn£óó,€342€Md.Ð N*ž%- Ð244,€253,€n.8€(1996)(noting€that€ð ð[¢f]iling£€a€petition€forÐ ú+J'/ Ðprotection€from€abuse€does€not€initiate€divorce€proceedings€[or]Ïaward€permanent€custody€of€children€....ðð)(citing€Christopher€L.ÏBeard€and€Jacqueline€J.€Judd,€òòVictims€No€More:€Changes€inÐ X ÐDomestic€Violence€Lawóó,€24€THE€MARYLAND€BAR€JOURNAL€29,€30€(July/Ð À  ÐAugust€1992)).€€Section€4„506(d)(6)€of€the€Family€Law€ArticleÏmerely€authorizes€a€temporary€custody€award.€€Despite€that,€theÏgranting€of€a€protective€order€can€have€long„range€effects€onÏchild€custody.€€Ìà  àIn€making€child€custody€determinations,€a€court€weighsÏnumerous€factors,€including€the€fitness€of€the€parents,€theÏcharacter€and€reputation€of€the€parties,€and€the€length€ofÏseparation€of€the€child€from€the€natural€parents.€€òòBest€v.€Bestóó,Ð ,| Ð93€Md.€App.€644,€655„56€(1992).€€A€trial€court€might€consider€theÏissuance€of€a€protective€order€against€one€parent€when€looking€atÏany€of€these€factors.€€In€addition,€a€court€may€also€consider€theÏeffect€on€the€childððs€stability€caused€by€a€change€in€residence.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòMitchell€v.€Mitchellóó,€61€Md.€App.€535,€542„43€(1985).€€InÐ ˆØ  ÐòòLevitt€v.€Levittóó,€79€Md.€App.€394,€397„98€(1989),€the€CourtÐ 4!„" Ðstated:ÌÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€custody€of€children€should€not€beÏdisturbed€unless€there€is€some€strong€reasonÏaffecting€the€welfare€of€the€child.€€ToÏjustify€a€change€in€custody,€òòa€change€inÐ '^") Ðconditions€must€have€occurred€which€affectsÏthe€welfare€of€the€child€and€not€of€theÏparentsóó.€€The€reason€for€this€rule€is€thatÐ ¢)ò$, Ðthe€stability€provided€by€the€continuation€ofÏa€successful€relationship€with€a€parent€whoÏhas€been€in€day€to€day€contact€with€a€childÐ *,z'/ Ðgenerally€far€outweighs€any€alleged€advantageÏwhich€might€accrue€to€the€child€as€a€resultÏof€a€custodial€change.€€In€short,€when€allÏgoes€well€with€children,€stability,€notÏchange€is€in€their€best€interests.Ð ` x` x Ѐ€ÌÓ¢Ó(Quoting€òò¢Sartoph£€v.€¢Sartoph£óó,€31€Md.€App.€58,€66„67€(1976)Ð ´  Ð(alteration€in€original)).€€òòLevittóó€dealt€with€a€change€inÐ ` ° Ðcustody,€not€an€original€award€of€custody.€€The€Court€stated€thatÏthey€are€different€situations€because€of€the€childððs€need€forÏcontinuity€which€arises€in€the€former€and€not€in€the€latter.€€òòId.óó€Ð d´  ÐAs€the€òòLevittóó€Court€stated,€ð ðif€a€child€is€doing€well€in€theÐ `  Ðcustodial€environment,€the€custody€will€not€ordinarily€beÏchanged.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€398.Ð h¸ Ðà  àFurthermore,€in€making€a€child€custody€determination,€if€aÏtrial€court€has€reasonable€grounds€to€believe€that€a€child€hasÏbeen€abused€or€neglected€by€a€party€to€the€proceeding,€the€courtÏmust€specifically€find€that€there€is€no€likelihood€of€furtherÏchild€abuse€or€neglect€by€the€party€in€order€to€award€custody€orÏvisitation€rights€to€the€party,€except€for€a€supervisedÏvisitation€arrangement.€¢F.L.£€ðð€9„101.€€A€protective€order€issuedÏby€a€court€that€states€that€one€parent€abused€his€or€her€childÏpursuant€to€¢F.L.£€ðð€4„501€would€give€a€trial€court€reasonableÏgrounds€to€believe€that€the€child€had€been€abused.Ìà  àThe€legislature€recently€added€new€grounds€for€absoluteÏdivorce€based€on€cruelty€of€treatment€and€excessively€viciousÏconduct.€€¢F.L.£€ðð€7„103€(a)(7);€(a)(8).€€Prior€to€the€new€law,Ð $+t&. Ðmost€domestic€violence€victims€could€only€file€for€a€limitedÏdivorce€in€Maryland€if€domestic€violence€served€as€the€grounds€onÏwhich€the€divorce€was€to€be€based.€€òòSeeóó€¢Melony£€J.€¢Ellinger£,€Ruth„Ð X ÐAnn€Lane,€&€Gregory€P.€¢Jimeno£,€òòRecent€Developments:€MarylandÐ ´  ÐGeneral€Assembly€Updateóó,€28€U.€¢Balt£.€L.€F.€43,€44€(1998).€€AsÐ l ¼ Ðamended,€the€new€law€allows€an€absolute€divorce€to€be€granted€ifÏit€can€be€proved€that€there€was€cruelty€of€treatment€orÏexcessively€vicious€conduct€toward€the€complaining€spouse€andÏthere€is€no€reasonable€expectation€of€reconciliation.€€òòId.óó€€AÐ (x  Ðsignificant€feature€of€the€law€is€that€there€is€no€requiredÏwaiting€period.€€Accordingly,€the€party€meeting€the€requisiteÏburden€of€proof€of€cruelty€or€vicious€conduct€can€obtain€anÏabsolute€divorce€immediately.€€òòId.óó€€Similar€to€the€child€custodyÐ Ø( Ðdetermination€situation,€a€protective€order€that€states€that€oneÏspouse€has€abused€the€other€pursuant€to€FL€ðð€4„501€might€beÏconsidered€by€a€trial€court€in€granting€an€absolute€divorce€onÏthe€basis€of€either€cruelty€of€treatment€or€excessively€viciousÏconduct.Ìà  àThe€divorce,€alimony,€and€custody€provisions€in€the€FamilyÏLaw€article,€temporary€and€permanent,€are€designed€to€deal€withÏissues€relating€to€divorce,€child€custody,€visitation,€support,Ïmarital€home,€and€other€monetary€issues.€€The€domestic€violenceÏstatute,€unfortunately,€could€be€used€to€seek€an€advantage€withÏrespect€to€issues€properly€determined€in€a€divorce,€alimony,€orÐ <+Œ&. Ðcustody€proceeding.€€A€trial€judge€frequently€has€to€makeÏdifficult€decisions€and€this€area€is€perhaps€more€difficult€thanÏmany€others.€€The€court€must€look€to€the€criteria€provided€by€theÏLegislature.€€ñññò òñññAccording€to€ðð€4„506(c),ñññó óñññ€protective€orders€may€beÏissued€only€if€ñòñò òabuse€has€occurredó ó€ò òñòñthere€has€been€at€least€one€act€of€abuse€ñòñó óñòñasÏdefined€in€ðð€4„501.€€ñóñò òFear€of€abuse€in€the€future€is€not€enough,€standing€alone.€€There€must€have€been€at€least€one€act€of€abuse,€with€or€without€physical€contact.ó ó€€ò òñóñSection€4„501(b)€provides:ÌÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àòòAbuse.€ð"ð€óóñïñм ` x` x Ðà8` x` xàà8` x` xàñïñ(1)€€"Abuse"€means€any€of€theÐ ¸  Ðfollowing€acts:Ð ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(¢i£)€€an€act€that€causes€serious€bodilyÏharm;Ð ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(ii)€an€act€that€places€a€personÏeligible€for€relief€in€fear€of€imminentÏserious€bodily€harm;Ð ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(iii)€assault€in€any€degree;Ð ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(iv)€rape€or€sexual€offense€as€definedÏby€Article€27,€ðððð€462€through€¢464C£€ñíñof€theÏCode€ñíñor€attempted€rape€or€sexual€offense€inÏany€degree;€orÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(v)€€false€imprisonment.Ð ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)€€If€the€person€for€whom€relief€is€soughtÏis€a€child,€"abuse"€may€also€include€abuse€ofÏa€child,€as€defined€in€Title€5,€Subtitle€7€ofÏthis€article.€€Nothing€in€this€subtitle€shallÏbe€construed€to€prohibit€reasonableÏpunishment,€including€reasonable€corporalÏpunishment,€in€light€of€the€age€and€conditionÏof€the€child,€from€being€performed€by€aÏparent€or€stepparent€of€the€child.Ð ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(3)€€If€the€person€for€whom€relief€is€soughtÏis€a€vulnerable€adult,€"abuse"€may€alsoÏinclude€abuse€of€a€vulnerable€adult,€asÏdefined€in€Title€14,€Subtitle€1€of€thisÏarticle.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xà€ñóñó óñóñÐ ¸ x¸ x ÐÓÓà  àThe€abuse€must€be€proved€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòPiper€v.€Laymanóó,€125€Md.€App.€745,€754€(1999)(citing€òò¢Ricker£Ð ¨(ø#+ Ðv.€¢Ricker£óó,€114€Md.€App.€583,€586€(1997);€FL€ðð€4„506(c)(1)(ii)).€€Ð T*¤%- ÐIn€Maryland,€the€clear€and€convincing€standard€of€proof€is€anÐ ,P'/ Ðintermediate€standard,€requiring€more€than€a€preponderance€of€theÏevidence,€but€less€than€evidence€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Ïòò¢Weisman£€v.€Connors,óó€76€Md.€App.€488,€504„05€(1988).€€The€MarylandÐ X ÐCivil€Pattern€Jury€Instruction€on€the€clear€and€convincingÏstandard€of€proof€provides,€in€part:ÌÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àTo€be€clear€and€convincing,€evidenceÏshould€be€ð ðclearðð€in€the€sense€that€it€isÏcertain,€plain€to€the€understanding,€andÏunambiguous€and€ð ðconvincingðð€in€the€senseÏthat€it€is€so€reasonable€and€persuasive€as€toÏcause€you€to€believe€it.€€But€you€need€not€beÏconvinced€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€€€€€€€€€ÏÐ ` x` x ÐÓÓMPJI€1:8€(3rd€ed.ò ò€ó ó1998).€€If€that€burden€is€met,€the€court€ð ðmayÐ ¼  Ðissue€a€protective€order€tailored€to€fit€particular€needs€thatÏthe€petitioner€has€demonstrated€are€necessary€to€provide€reliefÏfrom€abuse.ðð€€òòPiperóó,€125€Md.€App.€at€754€(citing€òò¢Ricker£óó,€114€Md.Ð Ü, ÐApp.€at€586).€€€Ìà  àWhen€we€review€cases€in€which€conflicting€evidence€wasÏpresented,€we€must€accept€the€facts€as€determined€by€the€trialÏcourt€unless€such€findings€were€clearly€erroneous.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óóÐ ŒÜ  Ð(citing€Md.€Rule€8„131(c);€òòRiddick€v.€Stateóó,€319€Md.€180,€183Ð 8!ˆ" Ð(1990));€òò¢Innerbichler£€v.€¢Innerbichler£óó,€132€Md.€App.€207,€230Ð ä"4$ Ð(2000)(stating€that€the€trial€courtððs€findings€are€not€clearlyÏerroneous€when€they€are€supported€by€substantialÏevidence)(citations€omitted).€€In€making€this€determination,€ð ðweÏmust€assume€the€truth€of€all€the€evidence,€and€of€all€theÏfavorable€inferences€fairly€deducible€therefore,€tending€toÐ @+&. Ðsupport€the€factual€conclusions€of€the€lower€court.ðð€€òòMercedes„Ð ° ÐBenz€of€North€America,€Inc.€v.€¢Garten£óó,€94€Md.€App.€547,€556Ð \¬ Ð(1993)(citing€òòPahanish€v.€w.€Trails,€Inc.óó€69€Md.€App.€342,€353„54Ð X Ð(1986)).€€As€for€the€final€conclusion,€however,€ð ðwe€must€make€ourÏown€independent€appraisal€by€reviewing€the€law€and€applying€it€toÏthe€facts€of€the€case.ðð€€òòPiperóó,€125€Md.€App.€at€754„55€(citingÐ  \  ÐòòAiken€v.€Stateóó,€101€Md.€App.€557,€563€(1995)).€€This€Court€mayÐ ¸  Ðsubstitute€its€judgment€for€that€of€the€circuit€court€if€ourÏinterpretation€of€the€relevant€legal€principles€is€different.€òòSeeóóÐ `  ÐòòMeyers€v.€Montgomery€County€Police€¢Depððt£óó,€96€Md.€App.€668,€689Ð ¼  Ð(1993)(citing€òò¢Perini£€Serv.,€Inc.€v.€Maryland€Health€ResourcesÐ h¸ ÐPlanning€Commððnóó,€67€Md.€App.€189,€201€(1986)).€€€€€€€Ð d Ðà  àIn€the€case€before€us,€appellee€did€not€testify€that€she€wasÏin€imminent€fear€of€serious€bodily€injury€at€the€time€of€theÏshoving€on€January€1,€1999.€€The€court€presumably€inferred€fromÏher€testimony€describing€the€incident,€coupled€with€her€testimonyÏwith€respect€to€appellant's€prior€behavior,€particularly€whenÏunder€the€influence€of€alcohol,€that€she€in€fact€had€such€fear.€ÏThis€raises€the€question€of€whether€an€actual€fear€is€sufficient.Ìà  àThe€relevant€definition€of€abuse€is€ð ðan€act€that€places€aÏperson€eligible€for€relief€in€fear€of€imminent€serious€bodilyÏharm.ðð€€¢F.L.£€ðð€4„501(b)(ii).€€This€is€capable€of€being€read€as€aÏsubjective€test,€òòi.e.óó,€how€did€the€alleged€victim€perceive€theÐ x)È$, Ðevent.€€Such€a€subjective€test€could€produce€unreasonable€resultsÐ $+t&. Ðbecause€petitionerððs€statement€that€he€or€she€experienced€fear€ofÏimminent€serious€bodily€harm€would€be€sufficient,€whether€or€notÏthe€physical€or€verbal€act€in€question€would€generally€be€of€theÏtype€to€elicit€such€a€response.€€We€reject€appelleeððs€argumentÏthat€a€subjective€test€is€mandated€and€hold€that€a€trial€courtÏshould€consider€whether€there€was€a€reasonable€basis€for€theÏperceived€imminent€serious€bodily€harm.Ìà  àAll€other€categories€of€abuse,€as€set€forth€in€ðð€4„501,€haveÏsome€indicia€of€reliability.€€The€abuse€category€most€analogousÏto€the€ð ðfear€of€imminent€serious€bodily€harmðð€category€isÏassault.€ðð€4„501(b)(iii).€The€assault€category€appears€to€be€aÏreference€to€criminal€assault€because€the€statute€refers€toÏð ðassault€in€any€degree.ðð€€òòId.óó;€òòseeóó€Md.€Code€(1996€Repl.€Vol.,Ð À Ð2000€Supp.),€ðð€¢12A£€(Second€Degree€Assault);€ðð€¢12A£„1€(First€DegreeÏAssault);€òòRobinson€v.€Stateóó,€353€Md.€683,€694€(1999)(stating€thatÐ h Ðthe€assault€statutes€enacted€in€1996€ð ðcreated€degrees€of€assaultÏunknown€to€the€common€law,€and€while€retaining€the€common€lawÏelements€of€the€offenses€of€assault€and€battery€and€theirÏjudicially€determined€meanings,€the€statutes€repealed€theÏstatutory€aggravated€assaults€and€created€new€offenses.ðð);€ÏòòStreater€v.€Stateóó,€352€Md.€800,€820€n.9€(1999)(stating€thatÐ  &p!( Ðð ð[¢t]he£€Maryland€criminal€code€recognizes€two€types€of€assault;Ïsecond€degree€assault,€ðð€¢12A£,€and€first€degree€assault,€ðð€¢12A£„1Ï....€ðð).€Ð $+t&. Ðà  àCriminal€assault€requires€that€the€fear€be€reasonable.€€òòSeeóóÐ ° ÐòòBarrios€v.€Stateóó,€118€Md.€App.€384,€403€(1997)(involving€a€caseÐ \¬ Ðin€which€appellant€was€convicted€of€two€counts€of€assault€withÏintent€to€prevent€lawful€apprehension,€and€holding€that€ð ð[a]Ïrational€trier€of€fact€could€reasonably€conclude€thatÏ[appellantððs]€conduct€placed€the€officers€in€òòreasonableóóÐ  \  Ðapprehension€of€immediate€bodily€harm€....ðð)(emphasis€added);ÏòòLamb€v.€Stateóó,€93€Md.€App.€422,€442€(1992)(involving€a€criminalÐ pÀ  Ðassault€charge,€and€stating€that€assault€of€the€intentionalÏthreatening€variety€ð ðis€a€fully€¢consumated£€crime€once€the€victimÏis€placed€in€òòreasonable€apprehensionóó€of€an€imminent€battery.ðð)Ð tÄ Ð(emphasis€added);€€òòDixon€v.€Stateóó,€302€Md.€447,€458„59Ð ,| Ð(1985)(stating€that€the€assault€ð ðattempt€is€made€whenever€thereÏis€any€action€or€conduct€òòreasonablyóó€tending€to€create€theÐ „Ô Ðapprehension€in€another€that€the€person€engaged€therein€is€toÏapply€such€force€to€him.ðð)(emphasis€added)(quoting€òòLyles€v.Ð è8 ÐStateóó,€4€Md.€App.€643,€647€(1970)).€€Ð ”ä  Ðà  àEven€if€the€assault€category€in€the€Domestic€Violence€ActÏencompasses€civil€assault,€reasonableness€may€still€be€anÏelement.€€òòCompareóó€W.ñôñ€ñôñPage€¢Keeton£€et€al.,€òòProsser€and€¢Keeton£€onÐ ˜$è& Ðthe€Law€of€Tortsóó€ðð€10,€at€44€(5òòthóó€ed.€1984)(stating€that€inÐ P& !( Ðassault€cases,€courts€ð ðhave€often€stated€that€the€apprehensionÏmust€be€one€which€would€normally€be€aroused€in€the€mind€of€aÏreasonable€person.ðð)€òòwithóó€òòRestatement€(Second)€of€Tortsóó€ðð€27Ð `+°&. Ð(1965)(positing€the€proposition€that€ð ð[¢i]f£€an€act€is€intended€toÏput€another€in€apprehension€of€an€immediate€bodily€contact€andÏsucceeds€in€so€doing,€the€actor€is€subject€to€liability€for€anÏassault€although€his€act€would€not€have€put€a€person€of€ordinaryÏcourage€in€such€apprehension.ðð),€òòandóó€òòLee€v.€¢Pfeifer£óó,€916€F.€Supp.Ð ` ° Ð501,€505„06€(D.€Md.€1996)(stating€that€to€find€liability€for€theÏtort€of€assault€in€Maryland,€one€element€that€must€be€satisfiedÏis€that€the€defendantððs€actions€must€have€raised€an€apprehensionÏof€imminent€bodily€harm€in€the€plaintiffððs€mind,€and€that€elementÏis€ð ðmeasured€by€an€entirely€subjective€standard.ðð)(citingÏòòRestatementóó€ðð€27)).€€ñõñò òWe€need€not€decide€whether€the€assault€category€encompasses€civil€assault€and€whether€that€category€contains€a€reasonableness€element€because€those€questions€are€not€before€us.ó óñõñÐ tÄ Ðñöñò òñöñà  àIt€was€noted€in€òò¢Kellum£€v.€Stateóó,€223€Md.€80,€85€(1960),€thatÐ ,| Ðassault€"has€substantially€(if€not€exactly)€the€same€meaning€inÏour€law€of€torts€as€in€our€criminal€law."€€The€Civil€Pattern€JuryÏInstruction,€No.€15:1€(3rd€ed.€1984,€2000€Cum.€Supp.)€indicatesÏthat€reasonableness€is€an€element.€€It€provides:ÌÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAn€assault€is€an€intentional€threat,Ïeither€by€words€or€acts,€to€physically€harmÏanother€person€without€that€person's€consent.€ÏActual€contact€is€unnecessary.€€However,€itÏmust€appear€to€the€other€person€that€the€oneÏmaking€the€threat€has€the€present€ability€toÏcarry€it€out€and€the€person€threatened€mustÏbe€put€in€òòreasonableóó€fear€of€imminent€harm.Ðb%² '` x` x ÐÌÓÓ(Emphasis€added).€€While€it€appears,€therefore,€that€civilÏassault€requires€that€the€fear€or€apprehension€be€reasonable,€weÏneed€not€decide€that€issue€because€it€is€not€before€us.€€Ìñöñó óñöñà  àEven€if€reasonableness€is€not€an€element€in€the€assaultÐ ,b'/ Ðcategory€of€abuse,€intent€to€cause€fear€or€offensive€contact,Ïunlike€the€category€before€us,€is€an€element.ò ò€ó ó€As€stated€above,Ð \¬ Ðthe€category€of€abuse€before€us€is€defined€simply€as€ð ðan€act€thatÏplaces€a€person€eligible€for€relief€in€fear€of€imminent€seriousÏbodily€harm.ðð€€ðð€4„501(b)(ii).€€By€the€plain€meaning€of€thisÏprovision,€this€category€of€abuse€does€not€require€any€proof€ofÏthe€defendantððs€intent.€Accordingly,€each€of€the€other€fourÏcategories€of€assault€carry€with€them€some€sort€objective€factorÏthat€helps€to€give€the€category€some€indicia€of€reliability€andÏto€reduce€the€likelihood€of€a€bogus€claim.¢×ƒ@×Ý ƒD#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×£€€Ð Ø( Ðà  àConsequently,€we€conclude€that€subsection€(ii)€requires€moreÏthan€actual€fear.€€We€hold€that€the€fear€must€be€reasonable,Ïi.e.,€the€conduct€must€be€such€as€to€cause€a€reasonable€personÏñ÷ñò òñ÷ñunder€the€same€or€similar€circumstancesñ÷ñó óñ÷ñ€to€fear€serious€bodilyÏharm.€€ñøñò òñøñThe€circumstances€include€but€are€not€limited€to€the€age,Ïâ âintelligence,€gender,€health,€and€physical€attributes€of€theÐ à0 Ðparties.ñøñó óñøñ¢×ƒH×Ý ƒD#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×£€€In€this€case,€there€is€no€indication€that€the€trialÐ ° Ðâ âcourt€applied€an€objective€standard,€and€in€the€absence€ofÏcontrolling€case€law,€no€reason€to€presume€it€did€so.Ìà  àThe€domestic€violence€statute€was€not€intended€as€a€vehicleÏto€produce€òòpendente€liteóó€orders€relating€to€custody,€support,€andÐ ` ° Ðmarital€property,€effective€for€a€year,€as€a€substitute€for€theÏgenerally€applicable€Family€Law€provisions.€€Rather,€it€is€meantÏto€protect€victims€of€domestic€violence,€and€when€the€legislativeÏstandard€is€met,€there€need€be€no€hesitancy€in€entering€an€order.€ÏThe€terms€and€duration€of€an€order,€however,€should€be€tailoredÏto€the€facts€of€each€case,€designed€to€address€the€threat€ofÏviolence€and€not€other€Family€Law€issues€not€required€to€beÏaddressed€to€accomplish€that€goal.€€Prior€abuse€and€the€natureÏand€severity€of€abuse€may€be€relevant€to€certain€types€of€relief.€ÏSee,€òòe.g.óó,€ðð€4„506(e).€€Ð $t Ðà  àIn€our€view,€the€circuit€court€did€not€attempt€to€tailor€theÏorder€to€the€perceived€harm,€thereby€inducing€the€parties€toÏaddress€separation€and€divorce€issues€in€a€separate€action,€butÏgranted€maximum€relief€for€the€maximum€duration€on€the€groundÏthat€it€would€be€"without€prejudice."€€Such€an€order€would€almostÐ €$Ð& Ðalways€have€the€effect,€although€unintended€by€the€court,€ofÏgiving€an€unfair€advantage€to€a€party€in€a€subsequent€divorce,Ïsupport,€or€custody€action.€€The€court€should€carefully€considerÏthe€terms€and€duration€of€the€order€to€ensure€that€the€resultingÏprejudice€is€justified.€Ìà  àBecause€there€is€no€reason€to€presume€that€the€trial€courtÏapplied€an€objective€standard€and€no€indication€that€the€courtÏattempted€to€tailor€the€terms€and€duration€of€the€order€to€theÏconduct,€we€cannot€determine€the€appropriateness€of€the€order.€ÏConsequently,€we€vacate€the€order€and€remand€to€the€circuit€courtÏwith€a€direction€that€the€circuit€court,€consistent€with€thisÏopinion,€consider€whether€an€order€is€now€appropriate,€and€if€so,Ïits€terms.Ìà  àÌÓÓà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àò òPROTECTIVE€ORDER€DATED€JANUARYÐ h Ð10,€2000,€VACATED;€CASEÏREMANDED€TO€THE€CIRCUIT€COURTÏFOR€MONTGOMERY€COUNTY€FORÏFURTHER€PROCEEDINGS€CONSISTENTÏWITH€THIS€OPINION.€€COSTS€TOÏBE€DIVIDED€EQUALLY€BETWEEN€THEÏPARTIES.ó ó